DC 


IRLF 


A  q     A  A 


OUTLINES  AND  REFERENCES 


THE  FRENCH  REVOLUTION 


AND    ITS    INFLUENCE    IN 


EUROPE  DURING  THE  NINETEENTH  CENTURY 


KATHARINE  COMAN 


is  9a 


<fa 


£rL/.^yUr*v&  C/4&iA&n6 


OUTLINES  AND:.  R EFERENCES 


THE  FRENCH  REVOLUTION 


AND    ITS    INFLUENCE    IN 


EUROPE  DURING  THE  NINETEENTH  CENTURY 


KATHARINE  COMAN 


1893 


BOSTON 

FRANK  WOOD,  PRINTER,  352  WASHINGTON  STREET 

1893 


C 


,     .  .     •»••     •••••       •     •      **• 

•••*•*•« *•••!*      I  •* *•       • 


HENRY  MORSE  STEPHENS 


COPYRIGHT,  1893, 
BY  KATHARINE  COMAN. 


TOPIC   I.     AGE   OF   LOUIS  XV.,  1715-1774. 
Decadence  of  the  Monarchy. 


A.  Regency  of  the  Duke  of  Orleans, 
I.     Financial  difficulties. 

Law's  Mississippi  scheme. 
II.     Quadruple  alliance  against  Spain. 
Dubois  against  Alberoni. 

B.  The  ministry  of  Fleury,  1726-43.  „ 

I.     War  of  the  Polish  succession,  i733~'38. 

a.  Rival  claimants. 

1.  Stanislas  Leszczynski,  supported  by  France  and  Spain. 

2.  Augustus  of  Saxony,  supported  by  Russia  and  Austria. 

b.  Peace  of  Vienna,  1738. 

1.  Polish  throne  secured  to  Augustus. 

2.  Naples,  Sicily,  and  Elba  ceded  to  Spain. 

3.  Lorraine  and  Bar  ceded  to  France. 

C.  Reign  of  the  King's  mistresses. 

Duchess  de  Chateauroux,  1  743-^5  . 
Mme.  de  Pompadour,  1745-'  64. 
Mme.  du  Barri,  1764-'  74. 
I.     War  of  the  Austrian  succession,  i74O-'48. 

a.  Interests  at  stake. 

1.  The  Imperial  crown. 

(a)  Francis  of   Tuscany,  supported   by  England   and 

Russia. 
(b}  The  Elector  of  Bavaria,  supported  by  France. 

2.  The   dominions   of  Austria   claimed   by   Bavaria,  Spain, 

Saxony,  Sardinia,  and  Prussia. 

b.  Settlement  in  Peace  of  Aix-la-Chapelle,  1748. 

1.  Francis  I.  recognized  as  Emperor. 

2.  Silesia  ceded  to  Frederick  II. 
II.     The  Seven  Years'  War,  i756-'63. 

a.  Parties. 

Austria,    France,  and  Russia    ("Alliance  of   the  three    Petti- 
coats ")  against  Prussia  and  England. 

b.  Settlement  in  the  Peaces  of  Paris  and  Hubertsburg,  1763. 

1.  Nova  Scotia,  Canada,  Cape  Breton,  and  territory  east  of 

Mississippi  ceded  to  England. 

2.  Cession  of  Silesia  to  Prussia  confirmed. 

(3) 

. 

590140 


III.     Abolition  of  the  Order  of  Jesus,  1 764. 
References  : — 

Martin  :  History  of  France.     (Decline  of  the  Monarchy.) 


of    the    Austrian 


I.  11-14,  26-68,  Law's  system  of  finance. 
159-166,  war  of  the  Polish  succession. 
215-248,    255-260,    271,    293-295,    war 

succession. 
437-440,    444-450,  470-474,  477-481,    484-505,  517-542, 

the  Seven  Years'  War. 
189-198,  308-318,  state  of  France. 

II.  179-200,  abolition  of  the  Order  of  Jesus. 
1-179,  295-302,  327-387,  literature  of  the  time. 

Kitchin  :  History  of  France. 

III.  389-404,  war  of  the  Polish  succession. 
405-421,  war  of  the  Austrian  succession. 
358-383,  social  and  financial  condition  of  France. 
444-462,  condition  of  the  several  estates. 
463-468,  Seven  Years'  War. 

Guizot :  History  of  France. 
VI.      53-109?  the  regency. 

110-166,  the  ministry  of  Cardinal  Fleury. 

167-212,  the  colonies. 

213-267,  Seven  Years'  War. 

268-346,  literature  :  Voltaire,  Rousseau,  etc. 
Perkin  :  France  under  the  Regency. 

Chaps.  X.,  XVII.,  XVIII.,  condition  of  the  Court. 

Chaps.  XIII.,  XIV.,  XV.,  Law's  Mississippi  scheme. 

Chap.  XVI.,  Dubois. 
Crowe  :  History  of  France. 

IV.  156-180,  the  Mississippi  scheme. 
201-206,  war  of  the  Polish  succession. 

213-222,  226-240,  245-247,  war  of  the  Austrian  succession. 


TOPIC   II.      CONDITION  OF   FRANCE  ON   THE  EVE  OF  THE 

REVOLUTION. 

A.  The  State. 

I.  The  King  "reigned  but  did  not  govern." 

II.  The  Parliament  of  Paris  was  deposed  from  its  functions,  17  71-'  74. 

III.  The  Assembly  of  Notables  had  not  been  convened  since  1626. 

IV.  The  States- General  had  not  been  convened  since  1614. 
V.  The  Administration  was  disorganized. 

a.  Corruption  of  officials. 

Great  offices  were  well  paid  sinecures. 

b.  Decay  of  provincial  institutions. 
France  was  governed  by  37  intendants. 

B.  The  Church. 

I.     The  superior  clergy. 

Nonresident,  wealthy,  corrupt. 
II.     The  cure's. 

Underpaid,  overworked. 

C.  The  nobility. 

I.     La  haute  noblesse. 

Absentee  landlords,  wealthy,  exempt  from  taxation. 
II.  .  La  petite  noblesse. 

Resident  on  their  estates,  poor  and  proud. 

D.  The  people. 

I.     The  peasantry. 

a.  Impossible  burden  of  taxes,  exacted  by  the  State,  the  Church, 

the  feudal  lords. 

b.  Backward  state  of  agriculture.     Exhaustion  of  the  soil. 

c.  Depopulation  of  the  country.     Brigandage. 
II.     The  bourgeoisie. 

a.  Enriched  by  speculation  and  trade. 

b.  Jealous  of  the  privileged  orders,  open  to  new  ideas. 

E.  The  ante-revolutionary  philosophers. 
I.     Montesquieu  (1689-1755). 

"  Esprit  des  Lois." 
II.     Voltaire  (1694-1778). 

Lettres  philosophiques  sur  les  Anglais. 
III.     Rousseau  (1712-1778). 
"Contrat  Social." 

"Les  origines  de  I'inegalite"  parmi  les  homines." 

(5) 


IV.  ;  ThV  Encyclopaedists/  ' 

Diderot,  D'Alembert,  Condorcet. 
References  : — 

De  Tocqueville  :  France  before  the  Revolution  of  1 789. 
149-169,  condition  of  the  people. 
169-193,  influence  of  literature  and  philosophy. 

Rocquain  :    The  Revolutionary  Spirit  preceding  the  French  Revolu- 
tion, 1-119,  reign  of  Louis  XV. 
Taine  :  The  Ancient  Regime. 

Bks.  I.  and  II.,  state  of  Society. 
Bks.  III.  and  IV.,  revolutionary  philosophy. 
Bk.  V.,  condition  of  the  People. 
Young's  Travels  in  France:   19,  27,  45,  53,  56,  58,  97,  102-104,  I25> 

131*  J97- 
Carlyle  :   French  Revolution,  I.,  1-124,  death  of  Louis  XV.  and  state 

of  France. 
Carlyle 's  Miscellanies. 

II.  1-8 1,  Voltaire. 

III.  303-382,  Diderot. 
Hamley  :  Life  of  Voltaire. 

Van  Laun  :  History  of  French  Literature. 
III.     43-65,  Voltaire. 

90-111,  Rousseau. 

1-3,  23-25,  119-127,  state  of  society  in  France. 

25-36,  Montesquieu. 

72-83,  the  encyclopaedists. 
C.  K.  Adams  :  Democracy  and  Monarchy  in  France. 

33-87,  literature  under  Louis  XV. 
Louis  Blanc  :  French  Revolution  of  1789. 
I.     205-241,  Voltaire,  etc. 
261-270,  Montesquieu. 

Smyth  :  Lectures  on  the  French  Revolution.     I.,  43-81,  Louis  XV. 
Morley :   Rousseau. 
Morley :  Voltaire. 
Morley  :  Diderot  and  the  Encyclopaedists. 


TOPIC   III.     REIGN   OF   LOUIS  XVI.,  1  774^92. 
Fall  of  the  Monarchy. 

A.     Proximate  causes  of  the  Revolution. 
I.     Weakness  of  the  government. 

a.  Louis  XVI.,  well  meaning,  but  unequal  to  the  situation. 

b.  Marie  Antoinette,  "  the  Austrian  woman,"  proud  and  obstinate. 

c.  Court  and  officials,  selfish  and-  blind. 

d.  Collapse  of  administrative  machinery. 
II.     Growing  power  of  public  opinion. 

a.  Revolutionary  literature,  "  the  veritable  paper  age." 

b.  Influence  of  American  ideas.     Franklin,  Jefferson,  Lafayette, 

Rochambeau,  Segur. 
III.     Misery   of    the    people,   increased  by   dearth,  drought,   famine, 


IV.     Financial  crisis.     Annual  deficit,  190,000,000  fr.,  equal  to  half  the 
annual  income. 

a.  Turgot,  the  physiocrat  (1774-'  76). 

1.  Abolition  of  monopolies. 

2.  Attempt  to  tax  the  privileged  orders  met  by  storm  of  op- 

position. 

b.  Necker,  the  expert  banker  (i776-'8i). 

1.  Credit  not  restored  by  business  methods. 

2.  Le  Compte  Rendu. 

c.  Calonne,  the  courtier  (i78i-'87). 

i  .  Panacea,  profuse  expenditure  and  extensive  loans. 
2.  Proposition  for  general  tax  rejected  by  the  Assembly  of 
Notables. 

d.  Lomenie  de  Brienne,  the  ecclesiastic  (i787-'88). 

1.  Concessions  secured  from  Assembly  of  Notables. 

2.  Parliament  forced  to  register  the  land  tax. 
<?.  Necker  again  (i788-'9o). 

Summoning  of  the  States-General. 
B.     Epoch  of  legislative  reform. 
I.     The  States-General. 
a.  Organization. 

i.  The  three  estates. 
(a)  The  clergy. 

Leaders,  Talleyrand,  Fouche,  Gregoire. 
(7) 


8 

(b}  The  nobles. 

Leaders,  Lafayette,  de  la  Rochefoucauld,  de  Broglie. 
(V)  The  third  estate,  accorded  double  representation. 

Leaders,  Mirabeau,  Sieyes,  Robespierre. 
2.  The  cahiers.     Conflicting  demands. 
b.  Struggle  of  the  Estates,  May  4  to  June  27,  '89. 

1.  The  opening  ceremonies. 

2.  Shall  the  vote  be  by  head  or  by  order? 

3.  Victory  of  the  third  estate. 

(a}  The  declaration  of  independence,  Sieyes,  June  iyth. 
(b)  The  tennis-court  oath,  J3ailly,  June  2oth. 
(f)  The  Royal  sitting,  Mirabeau,  June  23d. 
(</)  Final  fusion  of  the  three  orders,  June  27th. 

The  States- General  becomes  the  National  Assembly. 
II.     The  insurrection  of  the  "fourth  estate." 

a.  Causes. 

1.  Distrust  of  the  Queen  and  Court. 

(a)  Concentration  of  troops  at  Paris. 

(b)  Dismissal  of  Necker. 

2.  Popular  agitation. 

(a)  Scarcity  of  work  and  food. 

(b}  Orators  of  the  Palais  Royal,  Camilk  Desmoulins. 

(c)  Influence  of  the  Duke  of  Orleans. 

b.  Fall  of  the  Bastille,  July  14,  '89. 
Effects  of  the  victory  of  the  people. 

1.  On  the  King. 

(a)  Recall  of  Necker. 
(b}  Appointment  of  Bailly  Mayor  of  Paris. 
(c)  Appointment    of    Lafayette    Commander    of    the 
National  Guard. 

2.  On  the  people. 

(a)  Mob  violence  at  Paris. 

(b)  Insurrections  in  the  Provinces. 

3.  On  the  privileged  orders. 

(a}  The  first  emigration. 
(b)   Sacrifices  of  the  4th  of  August. 
Privileges  and  exemptions  abolished. 

c.  Attack  on  Versailles,  October  5  and  6,  '89. 

i.  Causes. 

(a)  Hunger,  fear,  impatience  at  Paris. 

(b)  Inflammatory  journalism. 

Les  Actes  desApotres,  Ami  du  Peuple,  Pere  Duchene. 

(c)  Distrust  of  the  Queen  and  Court. 
The  Flanders  regiment. 


9 

2.  "The  insurrection  of  women." 

(a)  The     Court     and     Assembly    dragged    to    Paris. 

Lafayette. 

(b)  The  second  emigration. 

III.  The  work  of  reconstruction. 

a.  The  Declaration  of  Right,  August  27,  '89. 

b.  The  Constitution  of  '91.     Fete  of  the  Federation,  July  14,  '90. 

1 .  The  King,  limited  powers,  suspensive  veto. 

2.  The  Assembly,  one  chamber,  biennial  elections. 
Property  qualification,  3  francs  taxes. 

3.  Local  self-government  by  departments,  districts,  and  com- 

munes. 

4.  Courts  of  justice  responsible  to  the  people.     Jury  trial. 

c.  The  Civil  Constitution  of  the  Clergy,  July  12,  '90. 

d.  The  new  financial  system.     The  assignats. 

IV.  Elements  of  difficulty. 

a.  Radical  tendencies  of  the  people. 

The  clubs. 

Jacobins,  Robespierre. 
Cordeliers,  Danton. 
Feuillants,  Lafayette. 

b.  Distrust  of  the  King  and  Queen. 

1 .  Financial  difficulties ;  flight  of  Necker,  Sept.  '90. 

2.  Death  of  Mirabeau,  April  2,  '91. 

3.  Flight  of  the  King,  June  20,  '91. 

4.  Affray  of  the  Field  of  Mars,  July  17,  '91. 

c.  Threats  of  foreign  intervention. 

1.  Plots  of  the  Emigres. 

2.  Declaration  of  Pilnitz,  August  27,  '91. 
V.     The  reformed  government  tested. 

a.  The  Legislative  Assembly,  Oct.  i,  '9i-Sept.  21,  '92. 

1.  Members  inexperienced.     (Self-denying  ordinance.) 

2.  Parties. 

(a)  The  Right,  Feuillants,  constitutional  monarchists. 

Ramond,  Barnave,  Vaublanc,  Dumas. 
(b}  The  Left,  Girondists,  moderate  republicans. 

Roland,  Buzot,  Vergniaud,  Condorcet. 

(c)  The  Mountain,  Jacobins,  radical  republicans. 

Merlin,  Chabot,  Baztre,  Carnot. 

b.  The  struggle  with  the  King. 

1.  Law  against  Monsieur,  Oct.  31,  '91. 

2.  Law  against  the  Emigre's  (Nov.  9)  vetoed. 

3.  Law  against  the  refractory  priests  (Nov.  29)  vetoed. 


10 

4.  The  Gironde  ministry. 

(a)   Declaration  of  war  against  Austria,  April  20,  '92. 
(^)   Law  against  refractory  priests  (May  2yth)  vetoed 

and  the  ministry  dismissed. 
(c)   Decree    establishing   camp    of    20,000   near   Paris 

(June  8th),  vetoed  June  20th. 

5.  Insurrection  of  June  2Oth. 
c.  Breakdown  of  the  constitution. 

1.  The  terror. 

(a)  The  country  declared  in  danger,  July  nth. 
(^)   Prussian  declaration  of  war,  July  25th. 

(c)   Brunswick's  manifesto,  August  4th. 

(</)   Expulsion  of  the  Feuillants.      Flight  of  Lafayette. 

(e)   France  invaded.     Fall  of  Longwy  and  Verdun. 

2.  Insurrection  of  August  loth. 

(a}  Assembly  forced  to  vote 
the  suspension  of  the  King, 
the  election  of  a  national  convention. 

(b)  The  Commune  and  the  Jacobins  in  power. 

3.  The   September  massacres,  September  2d-6th,  Danton, 

Marat,  Desmoulins. 
References  : — 

Gardiner:  The  French  Revolution,  18-117. 
Mignet :  History  of  the  French  Revolution,  1-190. 
Morris:  The  French  Revolution,  19-74. 
Martin :  History  of  France  (Decline  of  the  Monarchy). 
II.       2  79-345 ,  Louis  XVI.  and  Turgot. 
443-463,  first  ministry  of  Necker. 
487-496,  508-528,  Calonne. 
528-534,  540-557,  Brienne. 
557-597,  second  ministry  of  Necker. 
Kitchin  :  History  of  France.     III.     469-507. 
Von  Sybel :  History  of  the  French  Revolution. 
I.         54-136,  the  Summer  of  1789. 

248-287,  the  Economics  of  the  Revolution. 
371-405,  origin  of  the  foreign  war. 
405-531,  Girondists  against  Feuillants. 
Crowe  :  History  of  France.     IV.    333-533. 
Thiers  :  History  of  the  French  Revolution. 
I.         1-15,  81,  82,  financial  difficulties. 
<       16-46,  meeting  of  the  States-General. 
47-75,  fal1  of  tne  Bastille. 
76-80,  84-91,  115-118,  139-144,  reform  of  the  Constitution. 


II 

96-108,  attack  on  Versailles. 
145-150,  the  Feast  of  Pikes. 
125-127,  161-189,  flight  of  the  royal  family. 
190-198,  parties  in  the  Legislative  Assembly. 
264-287,  attack  on  the  Tuileries. 
301-348  )     sack  Qf  the  Tuileries> 
II.       1-14 

31-53,  the  September  massacre. 
84-92,  royalty  abolished  in  France. 
Carlyle  :  French  Revolution. 

I.  45,46,  62-110,  financial  difficulties. 
114-164,  the  States-General.,. 
182-194,  fall  of  the  Bastille. 
243-281,  287,  288,  attack  on  Versailles. 
325-347,  the  Feast  of  Pikes. 
312-315,  390,  the  Jacobins. 
399-406,  436-470,  flight  of  the  king. 

II.  14,  32,  33,  division  of  parties  in  the  Legislative  Assembly. 
56-65,  attack  on  the  Tuileries. 

89-109,  sack  of  the  Tuileries. 
125-128,   132-156,  the  September  massacres. 

I.         133,  290,  291,  297,  298,  413-425.      II.    199,  200,  Mirabeau. 
Taine  :  French  Revolution. 

I.         1-108,  condition  of  the  people. 

108-217,  the  Constituent  Assembly. 
Alison:  History  of  Europe  (second  edition). 

I.  114-178,  263-270,  causes  of  the  Revolution. 
181-263,  27I"~35°>  the  National  Assembly. 

350-420,  the  Legislative  Assembly  and  fall  of  the  monarchy. 
Stephens  :  French  Revolution. 
!•         9-75»  the  States-General. 

93-229,  Paris  and  the  Provinces  in  '89. 
291-310,  Civil  Constitution  of  the  Clergy. 
310-340,  409-434,  Mirabeau. 

II.  1-107,  the  Legislative  Assembly. 
107-151,  the  tenth  of  August. 

L'Ancien  Moniteur. 

Introduction,  606-608.    Sieyes'  pamphlet,  "  What  is  the  Third 

Estate?" 
609,  6 10,  convocation  of  the  States-General. 

I.  284-288,  sitting  of  the  4th  of  August,  '89. 

II.  8-13,  sitting  of  Oct.  5,  '89. 
XIII.  378-384,  sitting  of  Aug.  10,  '92. 


12 

Louis  Blanc  :  French  Revolution  of  1789. 
I.         270-322,  Turgot. 

331-348,  French  court  and  Louis  XVI. 

348-362,  first  ministry  of  Necker. 

407-419,  Calonne. 

419-438,  Brienne  and  recall  of  Necker. 

460-490,  States-General  of  1789. 

516-535,  taking  of  the  Bastille. 
De  Tocqueville  :  France  before  the  Revolution  of  1789. 

207-343,  agitating  influences  of  the  reign  of  Louis  XVI. 
Rocquain  :  The  Revolutionary  Spirit  preceding  the  French  Revolution. 

120-186,  from  accession  of  Louis  XVI.  to  meeting  of  the 

States-General. 

Van  Laun  :  The  French  Revolutionary  Epoch.     I.    52-248. 
Smyth  :  Lectures  on  the  French  Revolution. 
I.         5-25,  general  causes. 

81-139,  ministers  of  Louis  XVI. 
Quinet :  La  Revolution. 

I.  107-145,  the  States-General. 
203-272,  religion. 

II.  '1-31,  the  Girondists. 
35-103,  fall  of  the  monarchy. 

Michelet :  Revolution  Francaise.     See  chronological  table  of  contents. 

Mirabeau  :  A  Life  History. 

Macaulay's  Essays.     II.     37-75,  Mirabeau. 

Carlyle's  Miscellanies*     IV.     172-254,  Memoirs  of  Mirabeau. 

Stephens  :  Orators  of  the  French  Revolution.     I.     41-235,  Mirabeau. 

Yonge  :  Life  of  Marie  Antoinette. 

223-240,  relations  between  the  court  and  the  finance  ministers. 

240-256,  the  States-General. 

257-266,  270-368,  events  under  the  National  Assembly. 

369-429,  events  under  the  Legislative  Assembly. 
Young's  Travels  in  France. 

153-189,  199-201,  207,  208,  211-222,  288-304,  concluding 

chapter  on  the  causes  and  effects  of  the  Revolution. 
Lowell :  Eve  of  the  French  Revolution. 
Rosenthal :  America  and  France. 


TOPIC   IV.     THE   REPUBLIC. 

A.     The  National  Convention,  Sept.  21,  '92-Oct.  27,  '95. 
I.     Parties. 

a.  The  Right,  Girondists. 

Vergniaud,  Brissot,  Buzot,  Louvet,  Petion,  Roland. 

b.  The  Left,  "The  Mountain,"  Jacobins  and  Cordeliers. 

Robespierre,  Danton,  Desmoulins,  Marat,  Egalite. 

c.  The  Center,  "The  Plain." 

Sieyes,  Harere,  Gregoire,  Cambaceres. 
II.     Abolition  of  the  Monarchy,  September  2ist. 

Trial  and  Execution  of  the  King,  Dec.  n,  '92  to  Jan.  21, 

'93- 

III.  Efforts  at  Reconstruction. 

a.  Declaration  of  the  Republic,  Sept.  21,  '92. 

The  Revolutionary  Calendar. 

b.  Temporary  Government. 

1.  The  Committee  of  General  Security,  Sept.  22,  '92. 

2.  The  Revolutionary  Tribunal,  March  10,  '93. 

3.  The  Committee  of  Public  Safety,  April  7,  '93. 

4.  Representatives  on  Mission. 

5.  The  communes. 

6.  The  revolutionary  committees. 

c.  The  Constitution  of  '93,  "  the  most  democratic  ever  put  on 

paper,"  June  24,  '93. 

d.  The  new  worship. 

1.  Festival  of  Reason,  Nov.  10,  '93. 

2.  Festival  of  the  Supreme  Being,  June  8,  '94.     Robespierre. 

IV.  Struggle  between  the  Gironde  and  the  Mountain. 

a.  Occasions. 

1.  Question  of  responsibility  for  September  massacres. 

2.  Defection  of  Dumouriez,  March  18,  '93. 

3.  Arrest  and  trial  of  Marat,  April  13,  '93. 

4.  The  Commission  of  Twelve  against  the  Commune  of  Paris, 

May  20-31,  '93. 

b.  The  insurrection  of  June  2,  '93. 

1.  Proscription  of  the  thirty- two. 

2.  Fall  of  the  Gironde. 

(13) 


V.     The  Revolution  resisted. 

a.  France  against  the  First  Coalition. 

1.  Offer  of  assistance  to  oppressed  nationalities,  Nov.  19,  '92. 

2.  War  declared  against  England,  Holland,  Spain,  Feb.,  '93. 

3.  French  reverses,  Neerwinden,  March  18 ;  Mainz,  July  23. 

The  Levee  en  masse,  August  23. 

b.  Domestic  insurrection. 

T.  La  Vendee,  March  to  December,  '93. 

2.  The  Girondist  cities  of  the  South,  Lyons,  Marseilles,  Bor- 

deaux, Caen,  June  and  July,  '93. 

3.  The  assassination  of  Marat,  July  13,  '93. 
VI.     The  Reign  of  Terror,  September,  '93  to  July,  '94. 

a.  "  Terror,  the  order  of  the  day,"  Barlre.     , 

1.  Law  of  the  suspect,  denunciations,  cartes  de  surete". 

2.  Summary  methods  of  the  Revolutionary  Tribunal. 

b.  The  guillotine  at  Paris. 

1.  Execution  of  the  Queen,  October  i6th. 

2.  Execution  of  the  Girondists,  October  3ist. 

3.  Execution  of  Phillipe  Egalite",  November  6th. 

4.  Execution  of  Mme.  Roland,  November  8th. 

5.  Execution  of  Bailly,  November  loth. 

c.  The  terror  in  the  Provinces  :  Totilon,  Marseilles,  Arras,  Orange, 

Nantes. 

d.  Military  successes  due  to 

(a}  Vigorous  administration  of  government. 
(d)   Enthusiasm  of  reorganized  French  armies.    Elected 
officers  ;  e.g.,  Hoche,  Pichegru,  Jourdan,  Moreau. 
(c}   Lack  of  co-operation  among  allies. 

1.  Acquisition  of  Nice  and  Savoy,  Flanders,  the  left  bank  of 

the  Rhine,  September  to  November,  '92. 

2.  Conquest  of  Holland,  "The  Batavian  Republic,"   Feb- 

ruary, '95. 

3.  Peace  on  favorable  terms  with  Prussia,  April,  '95  ;  with 

Spain,  July,  '95. 

e.  Struggle  of  parties  in  the  Convention. 

The  Robespierrists,  radical  republicans. 
The  Dantonists,  moderate  republicans. 
The  H^bertists,  anarchists. 

1.  Execution  of  Hubert,  Chaumette,  Clootz,  Gobet,  March 

24,  '94. 

2.  Execution  of  Danton,  Desmoulins,  De   Sechelles,  April 

6,  '94. 

3.  Fall  of  Robespierre,  July  27,  '94  (Thermidor  9).     Exe- 

cution of  Robespierre,  Saint-Just,  Couthon,  Henriot. 


VII.     Reaction.     Struggle  between  the  Thermidorians  and  the  Mountain. 

a.  Closing  of  the  Jacobin  Club. 

b.  Restoration  of  the  Girondists  to  the  Convention. 

c.  Prosecution  of  the  terrorists  ;  "  the  white  terror." 

d.  Weakening  and  final  abrogation  of  the  Revolutionary  Tribu- 

nal, the  revolutionary  committees,  the  Committee  of  Public 
Safety. 

e.  Reactionary  legislation. 

1.  Repeal  of  the  law  of  the  maximum,  the  requisition  laws, 

the  law  of  the  suspect. 

2.  National  Guard  and  Commune  of  Paris  remodeled. 

3.  Religion  declared  free. 

f.  The  Constitution  of  '95. 

1.  The  Directory. 

2.  The  Corps  Legislatif. 

The  Council  of  the  Ancients. 
The  Council  of  the  Young. 

g.  Summary  suppression  of  insurrectionists.     Bonaparte. 

1.  The  conspiracy  of  Babeuf,  May  21/95  (x  Prairial). 

2.  Protest  against  the  law  of  the  two-thirds,  Oct.  5,  '95  (13 

Vende"miaire). 
h.  Dissolution  of  the  Convention,  Oct.  26,  '95. 

References  : — 

Morris:  The  French  Revolution,  75-142. 
Gardiner:  Epoch  of  the  French  Revolution,  150-253. 
Mignet :  History  of  the  French  Revolution,  191-312. 
Von  Sybel :  History  of  the  French  Revolution. 

II.  77-112,  declaration  of  the  Republic. 
260-297,  trial  °f  Louis  XVI. 

3-47,  112-193,  205-260,  297-327,  426-480,  the  foreign  war. 

III.  3-27,  159-190,  the  revolutionary  government. 
27-54,  i35~IS9»  i9°-226>  305-439?  tne  foreign  war. 
226-305,  the  Reign  of  Terror. 

IV.  3-69,  fall  of  Robespierre. 
183-261,  reaction. 

Quinet :  La  Revolution. 

II.  137-186,  the  Convention. 
341-396,  religion  during  the  terror. 
399-474,  theory  of  the  terror. 

III.  1-39,  the  dictatorship. 
57-94,  fall  of  Robespierre. 
105-167,  the  reaction. 


i6 

Thiers  :  History  of  the  French  Revolution. 

II.  168-241,  trial  of  Louis  XVI. 
347-399,  fall  of  the  Gironde. 

III.  .215-268,  326-396,  the  Reign  of  Terror. 
396-415,  448-551,  Robespierre. 

IV.  131-181,  213-253,  303-345,  reaction. 
Crowe  :  History  of  France. 

IV.      531-535?  repulse  of  the  Prussians  at  Valmy. 
559-566,  France  and  her  foreign  wars. 
570-573,  594-602,  war  in  the  Provinces. 
567,  568,  584-595,  fall  of  the  Girondists. 
608,  609,  assassination  of  Marat. 
613-616,  execution  of  the  Queen. 
629-661,  Robespierre. 
Fyffe  :  History  of  Modern  Europe. 

I.  40-104,  foreign  war. 
Alison  :  History  of  Europe. 

II.  1-58,  French  Republic  to  the  Fall  of  the  Girondists. 
59-118,  death  of  Marat,  Marie  Antoinette,  and  Danton. 
119-177,  272-338,  440-623.  foreign  wars. 

179-272,  war  in  La  Vendee. 

339-438,  Reign  of  Terror. 

625-686,  events  leading  to  the  establishment  of  the  Directory. 
Michelet :  Revolution  Frangaise. 

See  chronological  table  of  contents. 
Taine  :  French  Revolution. 

II.       209-219,  Marat  and  Danton. 

196-234,  297-307,  the  Jacobins,  their  character  and  methods. 

282-290,  the  Girondists. 

308-358,  overthrow  of  the  Jacobins. 
Carlyle :  French  Revolution. 
II.       179-186,  the  Convention. 

190-221,  trial  and  execution  of  the  King. 

241-252,  299-302,  organized  tyranny.     Levee  en  masse. 

257-271,  286-290,  306-310,  fall  of  the  Gironde. 

275-282,  Charlotte  Corday. 

293-295,  the  Revolutionary  Calendar. 

303-306,  execution  of  Marie  Antoinette. 

317-324,  execution  of  Egalite  and  Mme.  Roland. 

362-368,  execution  of  Danton. 

324-332,  cities  of  the  South. 

333-339.  3 73~3  7 7,  Atheism  declared  to  be  the  truth. 

380-392,  fall  of  Robespierre. 

417-428,  fall  of  Sansculottism. 


Stephens  :  French  Revolution. 
II.       151-181,  the  Convention. 
207-281,  the  Girondists. 
281-215,  the  Reign  of  Terror. 
L'Ancien  Moniteur. 

XV.     157-232,  condemnation  of  Louis  Capet. 
XXL  329-336,  fall  of  Robespierre. 
Van  Laun  :  French  Revolutionary  Epoch. 

.!•         249-339- 
Smith  :  Lectures  on  the  French  Revolution. 

I.  481-496,  war  with  Austria. 
496-515,  the  Girondists. 

II.  229-251,  fall  of  the  Girondists. 
251-374,  Reign  of  Terror. 

Wallon:  La  Terreur. 

Yonge  :  Life  of  Marie  Antoinette. 

430-462,  trial  and  execution  of  the  King  and  Queen. 
Memoirs   of  De    Laroche  Jaquelein.      10-35,  55~76,  309-322,  345- 

365>  383~535 •     A  most  interesting   account   of  the. 

Vend£ean  war  by  an  eye-witness. 
Memoirs  of  Mme.  Roland. 
Stephens  :  Orators  of  the  French  Revolution. 

I.  243-361,  Vergniaud. 

II.  158-204,  Danton. 
287-421,  Robespierre. 
467-506,  Saint- Just. 

Gronland  :  £a  ira  ! 

Danton  in  the  French  Revolution. 
Burke  :  Reflections  on  the  French  Revolution. 
Brougham  :  Statesmen  in  the  time  of  George  III. 

III.  46,  Robespierre. 
64,  Danton. 

Dickens  :  Tale  of  Two  Cities. 
Victor  Hugo  :  Ninety-Three. 
Grove  :  Dictionary  of  Music  and  Musicians. 
II.        219-221,  La  Marseillaise. 

B.     The  Directorate.     Oct.  26,  '95-Nov.  9,  '99. 
I.     The  war  against  Austria. 
The  Italian  campaigns,  '96  and  '97. 

a.  Battles  of  Lodi,  Arcola,  and  Rivoli. 

b.  The  occupation  of  Venice. 

c.  Treaty  of  Campo  Formio,  Oct.  17,  '97. 

d.  Congress  of  Rastadt. 


i8 

II.  The  misery  of  France. 

a.  Financial  straits  of  the  government. 
Repudiation  of  assignats  and  mandats. 

b.  Industrial  distress. 
Scarcity  of  food,  high  prices. 

c.  Social  chaos. 

The  law  of  hostages. 

III.  The  coup  d'etat  of  Sept.  4/97  (18  Fructidor). 

a.  Elections  of  '97  favorable  to  the  reaction. 

b.  Army  incensed  by  protest  against  partition  of  Venice. 

c.  The  government  "purged"  of  reactionists.     Augereau. 

IV.  The  Egyptian  campaign,  '98  and  '99. 

Battle  of  the  Pyramids,  Battle  of  the  Nile,  Siege  of  Acre,^ 
Battle  of  Aboukir. 

V.  The  coup  d'etat  of  Nov.  9,  '99  (18  Brumaire). 

a.  The  government  purged  of  Jacobins.     Bonaparte. 

b.  Sieyes,  Ducos  and  Bonaparte,  provisional  consuls. 

c.  The .  constitution  of  '99,  ratified  by  plebiscite,  3,000,000  to 

1,567  votes. 

1.  Division  of  authority. 

2.  Indirect  election. 

C.     The  consulate,  Nov.  9,  '99-May  18,  1804. 

I.  War  against  the  Second  Coalition,  1799-1801. 

Parties :    Russia,  England,  Austria,  Naples,  Portugal,  the 
Porte,  against  France. 

a.  Italian  campaign,  Marengo,  June  14,  1800. 

b.  German  campaign,  Hohenlinden,  Dec.  3,  1800. 

c.  Results. 

Peace  of  Lun£ville,  Feb.  9,  1801. 
Peace  of  Amiens,  March  27,  1802. 

II.  Reconstruction. 

a.  Restoration  of  finances. 

1.  Systematic  taxation.     The  octroi. 

2.  The  Bank  of  France. 

b.  Consolidation  of  the  administration. 
Local  authorities  superseded  by  prefects. 

c.  Reform  of  judicial  organization. 

//.  The  Codes,  civil,  criminal,  commercial. 

<?.  The  Concordat,  restoration   of   Roman    Church. 

/.  Repeal  of  laws  against  Emigres. 

g.  The  Legion  of  Honor.     The  University. 

h.  Bonaparte,  Consul  for  life  by  plebiscite,  1802. 

/.  Napoleon,  Emperor  of  the  French  by  plebiscite,  1804. 


References : — 

Morris:  The  French  Revolution,  142-199. 
Mignet :  The  French  Revolution,  313-384. 
Seeley  :  Napoleon  the  First,  1-105. 
Life  of  Napoleon. 


Hazlitt 
I. 
II. 


416-535  )  Bonaparte  in  Italy> 
i-59        I 


149-259,  Bonaparte  in  Egypt. 
337-389,  Bonaparte  as  Consul. 
408-427,  the  Concordat. 
429-465,  Marengo'. 
466-477,  the  infernal  machine. 
478-528,  the  Peace  of  Amiens. 

III.  110-138,  establishment  of  the  Empire. 
Lanfrey  :  History  of  Napoleon. 

I.  60-253,  Italian  campaign. 
253-3o6,  Egypt  and  Syria. 

353-423,  Constitution  of  the  Year  VIII. 
423-455,  events  of  1800. 

II.  45-129,  first  steps  toward  monarchy. 
153-173,  the  Concordat. 
182-192,  Treaty  of  Amiens. 

Von  Sybel :   History  of  the  French  Revolution. 

IV.  293-329,  367-445,  strife  of  parties  in  '95. 
Thiers  :  History  of  the  French  Revolution. 

IV.  310-314,  Constitution  of  '95. 

430-479.   5IQ-527>    532-540,    558~58l>    599-6i7>    Italian 
campaign  of  '96. 

V.  3T~85,  invasion  of  Austria  and  fall  of  Venice. 
95-108,  137-141,  167-180,  coup  d'etat  of  Feb.  4,  1797. 
194-218,  settlement  of  Italy;  Treaty  of  Campio  Formio. 
265-302,  443-460,  Egyptian  campaign. 

369-37 7>  401-412,    433-442,  474-5095  revolution   of   Nov. 

9,  1799. 
Thiers  :  History  of  the  Consulate  and  the  Empire. 

I.  3-65,  Constitution  of  the  Year  VIII. 
65-128,  internal  government. 
197-272,  Marengo. 

II.  121-168,  Hohenlinden. 

III.  117-170,  the  Concordat. 
241-328,  Consulate  for  life. 

Alison  :  History  of  Europe. 

III.      23-122,  242-321,  campaign  in  Italy. 


20 

379~496>  campaign  in  Egypt. 

322-378,  internal  government  of  France  under  the  Directory. 

645-697,  Napoleon  becomes  First  Consul. 
IV.      249-362,  Marengo. 

363-452,  Hohenlinden  and  Peace  of  LuneVille. 

644-745,  reconstruction  of  society  in  Europe. 
Fyffe  :  Modern  Europe. 

I.         104-257,  foreign  wars. 
Michelet :  Histoire  du  XIXe  Siecle  jusqu'au  18  Brumaire. 

123-231,  the  difficulties  of  the  Directory. 

231-329,  the  Egyptian  campaign. 

329-372,  fall  of  the  Directory. 
Sorel :  L'Europe  et  la  revolution  francaise. 

283-336,  the  external  policy  of  France. 

337-358,  England. 

360-367,  Holland. 

369-3  79>  Spain. 

382-398,  Italy. 

399-43  7>  Germany. 

439-461,  Austria. 

463-499,  Prussia. 
Adams:    Democracy  and   Monarchy   in   France.     137-215,  rise   of 

Napoleonism. 

Taine  :  Modern  Regime,  Vol.  L,  Bk.  I. 
Memoirs  of  Talleyrand,  Vol.  I.,  Part  III. 
Abbott :  Confidential  Letters  of  Napoleon  and  Josephine. 
Schlabrendorf :  Bonaparte  and  the  French  People. 


TOPIC   V.     THE   EMPIRE,  May  18,  i8o4-April  n,  1814. 

I.     The  transformation. 

a.  Assumption  of  imperial  titles,  forms,  etc. 

b.  Creation  of  a  new  noblesse. 

c.  Conversion  of  subject  republics  into  the  kingdoms  of  Italy, 

Naples,  Holland. 

d.  Annexation  of  Genoa,  Flanders. 
II.     War  against  the  Third  Coalition,  1805. 

Parties  :  England,  Russia,  Austria,  and  Sweden  against  France, 
Spain,  and  the  South  German  States. 

a.  Failure  of  invasion  of  England. 

Battle  of  Trafalgar,  October  2ist. 

b.  Successes  in  Austria. 

1.  Capitulation  of  Ulm,  October  lyth. 

2.  Battle  of  Austerlitz,  December  2d. 

c.  Results. 

1.  Peace  of  Pressburg. 

2.  The  Confederation  of  the  Rhine. 

3.  Extinction  of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire,  Aug.  6,  1806. 

III.  War  against  the  Fourth  Coalition,  18.06-7. 

Parties  :  Prussia  and  Russia. 

a.  Battles  of  Jena  and  Auerstadt,  Oct.  14,  1806. 

b.  Battles  of  Eylau,  Feb.  7  and  8, 1807  ;  Friedland,  June  14 ,1807. 

c.  Results. 

1.  Ruin  of  Prussia.     Tilsit,  July  7,  1807. 

2.  Alliance  with  Russia.     Tilsit  and  Erfurt,  Sept.  1808. 

3.  The  Continental  System. 

4.  The  Kingdom  of  Westphalia. 

IV.  The  Peninsular  War,  1808-14. 

a.  Forced  abdication  of  the  Spanish  King. 

b.  Popular  insurrections  aided  by  England. 

c.  Battles  of  Talavera,  July  28,  1809,  Salamanca,  July  22,  1812  ; 

Vittoria,  June  21,  1813. 

d.  Restoration  of  Ferdinand  VII. 
V.     The  Franco- Austrian  War,  1809. 

a.  Battles  of  Aspern  and  Essling,  May  21  and  22, 1809  ;  Wagram, 

July  5  and  6,  1809. 

b.  Peace  of  Schonbrunn  (Vienna),  Oct.  14,  1809. 

Marriage  with  Marie  Louise,  Archduchess  of  Austria. 

(21) 


22 

VI.     Enforcement  of  the  continental  blockade  against  England. 

a.  Annexation  of  Holland  and  Oldenburg. 

b.  War  on  neutral  commerce. 

VII.     Franco- Russian  War,  1812.  • 

France,  Italy,  Germany  against  Russia,  Sweden,  England. 

a.  Causes. 

1.  The  Austrian  marriage. 

2.  The  Continental  System. 

3.  The  Polish  question. 

b.  The  invasion  of  Russia. 

1.  Battle  of  Borodino,  September  yth. 

2.  Occupation  of  Moscow,  September  141)1. 

c.  The  retreat. 

Passage  of  the  Beresina,  November  26-28. 

VIII.     The  War  of  Liberation,  1813-' 14. 

a.  Insurrection  of  Prussia.     Stein. 

b.  Alliance    between    Russia  and   .Prussia.     Treaty   of   Kalish. 

Battles  of  Lutzen,  May  2d ;  Bautzen,  May  2ist. 

c.  Accession  of  England,  June  i5th. 

d.  Accession  of  Austria,  August  i2th. 

Battle  of  Dresden,  August  2yth  and  29th. 

e.  Accession  of  Bavaria,  October  8th. 

Battle  of  Leipsic,  October  i6th,  i8th,  191)1. 

/.  Dissolution  of  the  Kingdom  of  Westphalia  and  the  Confedera- 
tion of  the  Rhine,  October. 
g.  Insurrection  of  Holland,  November  151)1. 
h.  Accession  of  Denmark,  January  i4th. 
i.  Invasion  of  France,  December  2ist. 
/.  Allied  armies  enter  Paris,  March  31,  '14. 

1.  Abdication  of  Napoleon,  April  nth. 

2.  Restoration  of  the  Bourbons. 

3.  Peace  of  Paris,  May  3Oth. 

k.  The  Congress  of  Vienna,  Sept.  i8i4~June  1815.     • 

IX.     The  Hundred  Days,  March  i3~June  22,  1815. 

a.  Return   of  Napoleon   welcomed   by   the  French,  March  ist. 

L'Acte  Additionel. 

b.  Renewed  alliance  of  the  Powers,  March  25th. 

c.  Battles,  Ligny,  Quatre-Bras  and  Waterloo,  June  i6th  and  i8th. 

d.  The  second  abdication  and  exile. 

e.  The  second  Peace  of  Paris,  November  20th. 


23 

C.     The  Congress  of  Vienna, 

Talleyrand,  Metternich,  Castlereagh. 
I.     Restoration  of  the  old  order. 

a.  The  Bourbons  to  France,  Spain,  Naples. 

b.  The  House  of  Orange  to  the  Netherlands. 

c.  The  former  princes  to  the  Italian  States. 
II.     Territorial  indemnifications. 

a.  Austria   received   Lombardy,  Venice,  the  Illyrian   provinces, 

Salzburg,  the  Tyrol,  Galicia. 

b.  Prussia  received  Posen,  Swedish  Pomerania,  Rugen,  Danzig, 

Westphalia,  the  Rhine  provinces,  the  greater  part  of  Saxony. 

c.  Russia  received  the  greater  part  of  the  grand  duchy  of  Warsaw. 

d.  England  received   Malta,  Heligoland,  protectorate   over   the 

Ionian  Islands. 

e.  To  Sweden  was  assigned  Norway. 

f.  To  Denmark  was  assigned  Lauenburg. 

III.     Partition  of  Poland,  Saxony,  and  the  lesser  German  states. 
D.     The  Holy  Alliance. 

I.     Parties  :  Alexander  L,  Frederick  William  III.,  Francis  I.,  Louis 

XVIII.,  Ferdinand  VII.,  Naples  and  Sardinia. 
II.     Influence. 

a.  Congress  of  Aix-la-Chapelle,  1818,  against   liberal  movement 

in  Germany. 

b.  Congresses  of  Troppau,  '20,  and  Lay  bach,  '21,  against  insur- 

rections in  Italy  and  Spain. 

c.  Congress  of  Verona,  '22,  against  the  Spanish  revolution. 
III.     Failure,  due  to  the  death  of  Alexander  I.,  '25. 

The  Greek   Revolution   (1827)    and   the    Belgian  Revolution 

(1830)  were  protected  by  the  Powers. 
References  : — 

Morris  :  The  French  Revolution,  205-275.  ? 
Mignet :  History  of  the  French  Revolution,  384-410. 
Seeley  :  Napoleon  the  First,  116-224. 
Alison  :  History  of  Europe. 

V.  245-380,  War  of  the  Third  Coalition. 
382-529,  Austerlitz.  . 
721-822,  Jena. 

VI.  199-321,  Friedland  and  Tilsit: 
503-611,  causes  of  the  Peninsular  War. 

VII.  599-621,  dethronement  of  the  Pope. 

VIII.  726-834,  retreat  from  Moscow. 

X.        1-79,  Europe  in  arms  against  Napoleon. 

769-987,  Congress  of  Vienna  and  the  Hundred  Days. 


24 

Crowe  :  History  of  France. 

V.  116-124,  War  of  the  Third  Coalition. 
125-147,  War  of  the  Fourth  Coalition. 
148,  149,  Napoleon  and  the  Pope. 
152-155,  Peninsular  War. 

160-168,  Franco-Austrian  War. 

183-193,  Franco-Russian  War. 

194-231,  War  of  the  Fifth  Coalition. 

233-255,  events  to  second  abdication  of  Napoleon. 
Van  Laun  :  French  Revolutionary  Epoch. 

II.        1-39,  the  Empire  to  Battle  of  Trafalgar. 

40-56,  Napoleon's  connection  with  Italy,  Spain,  Austria,  and 
Prussia. 

57-75,  Spain  and  Russia. 

76-106,  Fifth  Coalition  and  fall  of  Napoleon. 
Thiers  :  History  of  the  Consulate  and  the  Empire. 

VI.  71-99,  Trafalgar. 
99-199,  Austerlitz. 

VII.  3-117,  Jena. 

237-362,  Friedland  and  Tilsit. 
XL      3-80,  Talavera. 

XIV.  1-193,  Moscow. 

XV.  36-77,  Salamanca. 
181-218,  Lutzen. 

XVI.  51-171,  Vittoria. 
171-277,  Leipsic  and  Hanau. 

XVII.  3-112,  invasion  of  France. 

XVIII.  i— 121,  restoration  of  the  Bourbons. 
XX.     1-167,  Waterloo. 

167-297,  second  abdication. 
297-440,  St.  Helena. 
Fyffe  :  Modern  Europe. 

I.  Chapters  IV.,  V.,  War  of  the  Second  Coalition. 

VI.,  War  of  the  Third  Coalition. 
VII.,  War  of  the  Fourth  Coalition. 
VIII.,  and  pp.  439-450,  Peninsular  War. 

396-438,  Franco-Austrian  War. 
X.,  Fran co- Russian  War. 
XL,  War  of  the  Fifth  Coalition. 

II.  Chapter  L,  The  Hundred  Days. 
Lanfrey  :  History  of  Napoleon. 

III.  65-95,  Trafalgar  and  Austerlitz. 
95-150,  Treaty  of  Pressburg,  etc. 


25 

150-186,  Jena. 

257-284,  Friedland  and  Tilsit. 

IV       *°82465  }  Napoleon  in  Spain,  1808  and  1809. 

175-213,  Talavera. 
Hazlitt :  Life  of  Napoleon. 
II.        139-170,  Austerlitz. 

171-199,  Treaty  of  Pressburg. 

200-224,  battle  of  Jena  and  entrance  into  Vienna. 

224-255,  battle  of  Friedland;  peace  of  Tilsit. 

394-551,  Napoleon  in  Russia. 
IV.      1-58,  retreat  from  Moscow. 

354-391,  Waterloo. 
Lockhart :  Life  of  Napoleon. 

I.  304-330,  Third  Coalition. 

347-372,  events  from  Decree  of  Berlin  to  Peace  of  Tilsit. 

II.  12-56,  Spanish  affairs. 
125-167,  campaign  in  Russia. 

291-341,  the  Hundred  Days  and  fall  of  Napoleon. 
Memoirs  of  Talleyrand. 

II.  Parts  VII.  and  VIII. 

III.  Part  VIII. 

Gardner  :  Quatre  Bras,  Ligny  and  Waterloo. 
Bryce  :  Holy  Roman  Empire. 

358-368,  fall  of  the  Empire. 
Emerson  :  Essays.     Representative  Men. 

219-257,  Napoleon. 
Carlyle  :  Heroes  and  Hero-Worship. 

290-298,  Napoleon. 

Wordsworth  :  Sonnets  to  National  Independence  and  Liberty. 
Part  I.      Sonnets  II.,  IV.,  VIII,  XXII. 
Part  II.     Sonnets  XXXIV.,  XXXVI.,  XLL,  XLIII. 
Memoirs  of  Mme.  de  Re"musat. 


TOPIC   VI.     FRANCE  IN  THE  NINETEENTH  CENTURY. 

A.     The  Kings. 

I.     Louis  XVIII.,  i8i5-'25. 

a.  The  Charter. 

1.  Chamber  of  Peers,  hereditary  and  appointed  by  the  king. 

2.  Chamber  of  Deputies,  indirect  election ;    franchise,  300 

francs  taxes. 

3.  Responsible  ministry. 

Talleyrand,  1815. 
Richelieu,  '15-'!  8. 
Decazes,  'i8-*2o. 
Richelieu,  '  2  o-'  2 1 . 
Villele,  '22-'28. 

b.  The  Royalist  reaction. 

1.  "La  chambre  introuvable,"  1815.    Retaliatory  legislation. 

2.  Assassination  of  the  Duke  of  Berry,  1820. 

3.  Restoration  of  despotism  in  Spain,  1822. 

II.     Charles  X.,  i825-'3o. 

a.  Ultra-royalists  against  Constitutionalists. 

1.  Compensation  to  Emigre's. 

2.  Restoration  of  Church  to  ancient  privileges  and  authority. 

3.  Censorship  of  the  Press. 

4.  Dissolution  of  the  National  Guard. 

5.  Antagonism  of  ministry  and  deputies. 

Villlle,  '28. 

Martignac,  '28  and  '29. 
Polignac,  '29  and  '30. 

6.  The  Ordinances,  July  26,  1830. 

(a)  Rigid  censorship  of  the  Press. 

(b)  Dissolution  of  the  new  Chamber  of  Deputies. 

(c)  Restriction  of  the  franchise — 300  francs  land  tax. 

(d)  New  electfons  ordered  for  September  28th. 

b.  The  Revolution  of  July  2yth  to  29th. 

1.  Abdication  of  Charles  X.,  August  ist. 

2.  Louis  Philippe  elected  king  of  the  French,  August  yth. 

"The  Charter  shall  henceforth  be  a  reality." 
(26) 


27 

III.     Louis  Philippe,  "the  Bourgeois  King,"  i83O-'48. 

a.  Constitutional  reforms. 

1.  Disestablishment  of  the  Church. 

2.  Peers  not  hereditary,  chosen  from  a  list  of  notables. 

3.  Franchise  reduced  to  200  francs  taxes. 

b.  The  strife  of  parties. 

1 .  Legitimists,  Duchess  of  Berry,  Count  of  Chambord. 

2.  Orleanists,  Guizot. 

3.  Progressive  doctrinaires,  Thiers,  Odillon,  Barrot. 

4.  Bonapartists,  Louis  Napoleon. 

5.  Republicans,  Lamartine. 

6.  Socialists,  Louis  Blanc,  Ledru-Rollin. 

c.  The  February  Revolution. 

1 .  Cause  :  popular  opposition  to  doctrinaire  ministry,  Guizot. 

2.  Occasion  :  rejection  of  the  law  extending  the  franchise. 

3.  Insurrection  in  Paris,  Feb.  22-24,  '48. 

4.  Abdication  of  Louis  Philippe. 

B.  The  Second  Republic,  Feb.  24,  '48-Dec.  2,  '52. 

I.     The  Provisional  Government,  February  24th-November  4th,  '48. 

a.  The  National  Workshops. 
Republicans  against  Socialists. 

b.  The  Constitutional  Convention,  reactionary. 
Socialist  insurrection  suppressed,  June  23d  to  26th. 

II.     The  Republic,  Nov.  4-Dec.  2,  '52. 

a.  Presidential  election. 

Louis  Napoleon,  5,534,520  votes. 
Cavaignac,  1,468,302  votes. 
Ledru-Rollin,  371,431  votes. 
Lamartine,  17,914  votes. 

b.  Louis  Napoleon  made  President  for  ten  years.     Coup  d'e"tat 

confirmed  by  plebiscite  Dec.  '51. 

c.  Napoleon  III.  Emperor  of  the  French  by  plebiscite  (Nov.  21, 

'52),  7,824,189  against  253,145  votes. 

C.  The  Second  Empire  (Dec.  2,  '52-Sept.  4,  '70). 
I.     Foundations  of  the  Empire. 

a.  Absolutism.     The  Orsini  bombs. 

b.  Magnificence. 

1.  Internal  improvements. 

2.  Exposition  of '67. 

c.  Military  glory. 

1.  Part  taken  by  France  in  the  Crimean  War,  *54-'56. 

2.  Part  taken  by  France  in  the  Austro-Sardinian  War,  '59. 


28 

II.     The  Empire  was  ruined  by 

a.  Administrative  corruption. 

b.  Ambition  for  military  achievement. 

1.  The  Mexican  expedition,  '6i-'6y. 

2.  The  Franco-Prussian  War,  '70. 
(a]   Catastrophe  of  Sedan,  Sept.  2. 
(^)   Deposition  of  Napoleon,  Sept.  5. 
(c)   Government  of  National  Defense. 

D.     The  Third  Republic.     Sept.  5,  '70. 
I.     The  German  invasion. 

a.  The  siege  of  Paris.     Trochu,  Sept.  19,  '7o-Jan.  28,  '71. 

b.  Fruitless  organization  of  the  Provinces.     Gambetta. 

c.  The  National  Assembly.     Thiers. 

d.  The  Treaty  of  Paris,  Feb.  28,  '71. 
II.     The  Commune,  March  i8-May  29,  '71. 

a.  Insurrectionary  Paris  against  Thiers  and  the  National  Assembly 

at  Versailles. 

b.  The  second  siege  of  Paris. 

c.  The  bloody  suppression  of  the  Commune. 

III.  The  Republican  Constitution  established,  Feb.  '75. 

a.  Legislature  (Senate   and  Chamber  of  Deputies)  elected   by 

universal  suffrage. 

b.  President  elected  by  the  National  Assembly. 

c.  Responsible  ministry. 

IV.  Strife  of  parties. 

a.  Republicans,  Gambetta,  Simon,  Ferry,  Freycinet. 

b.  Monarchists,  Count  of  Chambord,  Count  of  Paris. 

c.  Imperialists,  "  Plon-Plon"  Boulanger. 

d.  Socialists,  Ledru-Rollin,  Laf argue. 

References : 

Adams  :  Democracy  and  Monarchy  in  France,  217-473. 
Lamartine  :  Restoration  of  Monarchy  in  France. 
I.     249-258,  character  of  Louis  XVIII. 
292-301,  the  Count  of  Artois. 
301-317,  the  royal  family. 

423-432,  445-452,  480-492,  government  of  Louis  XVIII. 
III.     96-112,   209-213,  234-243,    252-255,    372-382,   409-412, 

422-427,  439-482,  reign  of  Louis  XVIII. 
Lamartine  :  Histoire  de  la  Revolution  de  1848. 
Wright :  History  of  France. 

III.      260-268,   292-295,  297,  298,  303-311,  323-332,   339-343? 
357-362,  reign  of  Louis  XVIII. 


29 

362-367,  372-379,  390-422,  reign  of  Charles  X. 

422-429,  523-524,  566,  572-575*  595-6oo>  604-610,614- 
633,  reign  of  Louis  Philippe. 

652-686,  the  Republic. 

718-737,  the  Empire. 

772-782,  the  Crimean  War. 

812-822,  the  Italian  War. 
Van  Laun  :  French  Revolutionary  Epoch. 

II.        145-156,  203-236,  reign  of  Louis  XVIII. 

237-248,  267-286,  reign  of  Charles  X. 

287-294,  324-330.  338-362,  reign  of  Louis  Philippe. 

363-386,  the  Second  Republic. 

387-454,  the  Second  Empire. 
Bonnechose  :  History  of  France,  658-952. 
Crowe  :  History  of  France,  V.,  255-667. 
Miiller  :  Political  History  of  Recent  Times,  90-630. 
Fyffe  :  History  of  Modern  Europe. 

II.  12-21,  Louis  XVIII. 
356-381,  Charles  X. 
503-513,  Louis  Philippe. 

III.  34-47,  156-177,  Second  Republic. 
395-475,  Empire  and  war  with  Germany. 

Alison:  History  of  Europe  (1815-1852). 

I.  Chapters  III.,  VI. 

II.  Chapter  IX.,  721-740. 

III.  Chapters  XVI.,  XVII. 

IV.  Chapters  XXV.,  XXVI. 

V.  Chapters  XXIX.,  XXX.,  XXXIII. 

VI.  Chapter  XXXIV. 

VII.  Chapters  XLIV.,  XLVII. 

VIII.  Chapters  L.,  LI.,  LVII. 

Guizot :  Me"  moires  pour  servir  a  1'histoire  de  mon  temps,  1807-1848. 

VIII.  519-595,  the  February  revolution. 
Memoirs  of  Talleyrand. 

III.  Parts  IX.,  X. 

IV.  Part  X. 

Correspondence  of  Prince  Talleyrand  and  Louis  XVIII. 
Murdock  :  Reconstruction  of  Europe. 
Chapter  L,  Europe  in  1850. 

II.,  the  Coup  d'Etat. 

XXII.,  decline  of  the  Empire. 

XXIII.,  last  days  of  the  Second  Empire. 

XXVIL,  Paris  in  war  time. 


30 

XXIX.,  the  war  in  the  provinces. 
XXX.,  fall  of  Paris. 

Macdonell :  France  since  the  First  Empire. 

Simon:  The  Government  of  Thiers.     I.     357-533,  the  Commune. 
Le  GorT:  Life  of  Thiers. 

138-160,  the  Republic  of  1848. 

161-188,  Thiers  and  the  Empire.  * 

203-243,  Thiers'  presidency. 
Dreolle  :  La  Journee  du  4  Septembre. 

Simon:  Souviens  toi  du  deux  Decembre.     1-95,  Boulanger. 
Lepage  :  Histoire  de  la  Commune. 
Quinet :  Paris.     The  Franco- Prussian  War. 
Scribner's  Magazine. 

I.       (1887).     3,  161,  289,  447,  reminiscences  of  Siege  and  Com- 
mune of  Paris.     Washburne. 
Edinburgh  Review. 

CLIX.,  82,  Paris  in  1871. 
Towle  :  Certain  Men  of  Mark. 
66-95,  Gambetta. 
154-182,  Victor  Hugo. 
King :  French  Leaders. 
55-75,  Thiers. 
75-96,  Gambetta. 
Simon  :  Thiers,  Guizot,  Remusat. 

Mounod's   Articles  on   contemporary   France   in   the    Contemporary 

Review.    42:155,641.    43:157.    44:105,616.    45:424.    46: 

127.     47:120.     48:126,887.     49:881.     50:728.     51: 

434.     52:428.     53:301,902.     54:897.     55  :  477,495. 

56  :  629. 

Lebon  and  Pelfet :  France  as  it  is. 
Dilke  :  European  Politics.      Chapter  II. 


TOPIC  VII.     BELGIUM  IN  THE  NINETEENTH  CENTURY. 

A.  Result  of  the  Napoleonic  Wars. 

I.     Flanders  annexed  to  France,  1792. 
II.     Flanders  annexed  to  Holland,  1815. 

B.  The  Revolution  of  1830. 

I.     Cause  :  hostility  to  the  Dutch  Government. 
II.     Events. 

a.  Insurrection  in  Brussels,  August  25th. 

b.  Declaration  of  Independence,  November  i8th. 

c.  Independence  recognized  by  the  Powers.     The  London  con- 

ference, Jan.  31,  '31. 
III.     The  new  government. 

a.  Monarch,  Leopold  of  Saxe-Coburg. 

b.  Legislature. 

1.  Senate,  property  qualification, — 2100  francs  taxes. 

2.  Chamber  of  Representatives. 

Franchise, — 40  francs  taxes,  133,000  voters. 

c.  Responsible  ministry. 
Insurrection  of  April  18,  1893. 

I.     Universal  suffrage  demanded  by  the  people. 

II.     Extension  of  the  suffrage  granted  by  the  Legislature ;  2,000,000 
votes. 

References  : — 

Fyffe  :  Modern  Europe,  II.,  381-389. 
Dyer  :  Modern  Europe,  V.,  404-409. 
The  Annual  Encyclopedia,  1893. 


(30 


TOPIC  VIII.     SPAIN  IN  THE  NINETEENTH  CENTURY. 

A.  Effect  of  the  Napoleonic  Wars. 

I.     Forced  abdication  of  Charles  IV.  and  Ferdinand  VII.,  1808. 
II.     Reign  of  Joseph  Bonaparte,  1808-1813. 

III.  Influence  of  French  ideas. 

a.  The  Constitution  of  1812. 

b.  Abolition  of  the  Inquisition. 

c.  Confiscation  of  monastic  property. 

IV.  Struggle  for  national  independence. 

B.  Ferdinand  VII.     i8i4-'33- 
I.     Absolutism. 

a.  Rejection  of  the  Constitution  of  1812. 

b.  Restoration  of  the  order  of  Jesuits  and  the  Inquisition. 

c.  Rigid  censorship  of  the  press. 
II.     Rebellion. 

a.  The  secret  societies. 

b.  Insurrection  of  the  troops  at  Cadiz,  Riego,  Jan.  i,  1820. 

c.  King  forced  to  take  oath  to  Constitution  of  1812,  March  7,  '20. 

1.  Abolition  of  the  Inquisition. 

2.  Freedom  of  the  press. 

d.  Constitutional  government  resisted  by  the  Exaltados  (republi- 

cans), and  the  Serviles  (absolutists). 

e.  The  French  invasion. 

Restoration  of  absolutism.     The  Reign  of  Terror,  1822. 

III.  Struggle  over  the  succession. 
The  Pragmatic  Sanction. 

C.  Isabella  II.     i833~'68. 

I.     The  Carlist  War,  '33-'39- 

Christinos  (liberals)  against  Carlists  (absolutists) . 
II.     The  constitutional  struggle. 

a.  The  Royal  Statute,  1834. 

b.  Constitution  of  1812  conceded,  1836. 

c.  Constitution  of  1837. 

d.  Strife  of  parties. 

Conservatives,  Narvaez,  against  Progressists,  Espartero. 

D.  Revolution  of  '68. 

I.  Isabella  driven  from  Spain. 

II.  Provisional  government  under  Serrano  and  Prim. 

-III.  Reign  of  Amadeus  of  Savoy,  '7o-'73. 

IV.  Federal  republic  attempted,  '73-' 75. 

(32) 


33 

E.  Reign  of  Alphonso  XII.,  '74~'86. 

I.     Government,  constitutional  monarchy. 

II.     State  religion,  Roman  Catholic,  but  Protestant  worship  tolerated. 
III.     Parties,  monarchists  against  republicans. 
Canovas  against  Castelar. 

F.  Reign  of  Alphonso  XIII.,  1886— 
Regency  of  Maria  Christina. 


References  : — 

Muller  :  Political  History  of  Recent  Times. 
42-53,  reign  of  Ferdinand. 
56-62,  Portugal. 

143-149,  405-408,  reign  of  Isabella. 
478-482,  revolutions  of  1870-1874. 
599-603,  reign  of  Alphonso  XII. 
Dyer  :  Modern  Europe. 

V.        256-276,  294-299,  340,  War  of  Independence. 
369  and  370,  Constitution  of  1812. 
370-378,  423  and  424,  Ferdinand  VII. 
424-431,  470  and  471,  Isabella. 
541  and  542,  Spanish  affairs  to  1870. 
Abbott :  Romance  of  Spanish  History. 

402-432,  exile  and  return  of  the  Spanish  Court. 
432-462,  the  Revolution. 
Fyffe  :  Modern  Europe. 

I-         359~~396j  439-451?  Spain  in  the  Napoleonic  Wars. 

II.        9-12,  89,  90,  166-236,  422-442,  reigns  of  Ferdinand  VII. 

and  Isabella. 
Alison:  History  of  Europe  (1815-1852). 

II.        i  and  2,  9-25,  29-36,  60-85,  567-6l2>  614-619,  623,  626- 
634,  641-645,  679-708,  735-738,  reign  of  Ferdinand 
VII.  to  1823. 
IV.       482-484,  attempts  to  revolutionize  Spain  from  Paris. 

501-504,  Spanish  succession  in  1830. 
VII.     594-613,  Spanish  marriages. 
Wallis  :  Spanish  History. 

31-43,  review  of  history  to  1845. 

44-66,  Constitution  of  1845. 

120-128,  140-145,  173-183,  Spanish  politicians. 

183-194,  monarchy  in  Spain. 

250-255,  265-290,  the  church. 

377-394,  prospects  of  Spain  in  1845. 


34 

Duff:  Studies  in  European  Politics. 

5-28,  reigns  of  Ferdinand  VII.  and  Isabella  II. 

29-64,  condition  of  Spain  in  1865. 
Buckle  :  History  of  Civilization  in  England. 

II.        106-122,  Spanish  civilization  in  nineteenth  century. 
Harrison  :   History  of  Spain. 

630-653,  Ferdinand  VII. 

655-695,  Isabella  II. 

695-702,  reign  of  Alphonso  XII. 


TOPIC    IX.     GERMANY  IN  THE  NINETEENTH  CENTURY. 

A.  Result  of  the  Napoleonic  wars. 

I.     Territorial  transformations. 

a.  Reduction  of  Austria  and  Prussia. 

b.  Augmentation    of  lesser    states ;    e.  g.^  Bavaria,  Wurtemberg, 

Baden,  Westphalia. 

c.  Confiscation  of  ecclesiastical  states  and  free  cities. 
II.  •    Final  extinction  of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire. 

III.  Revival  of  national  patriotism. 

IV.  Settlement  by  the  Congress  of  Vienna. 

a.  Austria  loses  German  and  acquires  Italian  and  Slavic  territory. 

b.  Prussia  loses  Slavic  and  acquires  German  territory. 

c.  Ecclesiastical  states  and  free  cities  not  restored. 

d.  Bavaria,   Wurtemberg,  Hanover,    and    Saxony    retain   second 

rank. 

e.  The  Act  of  Confederation,  June  8,  1815. 

1.  League  of  thirty-nine  sovereign  states. 

2.  Federal  Diet  and  Ministry  under  presidency  of  Austria. 

3.  Constitutional  government  promised  to  the  states. 

B.  Influence  of  the  French  Revolutions. 

I.     The  Great  Revolution. 

a.  Doctrines  embraced  by  students  of  the  universities. 

b.  Murder  of  Kotzebue. 

1.  The  Carlsbad  Revolutions,  1819. 

2.  The  Final  Act,  1820. 
II.     The  Revolution  of  1830. 

a.  Insurrections  in  Saxony,  Hesse-Cassel,  Hanover,  Brunswick. 

b.  The  liberal  movement  discredited. 
III.     The  Revolution  of  '48. 

a.  Insurrections  at  Vienna,  Berlin,  Munich,  Dresden,  Hanover,  etc. 

b.  Constitutional  reforms  conceded.     "The  March  Cabinets." 

c.  Attempt  to  organize  a  national  union. 

1.  The  Ante-Parliament,  March  3O-April  4,  '48. 

2.  The     National    Assembly    at   Frankfort,    May    18,  '48- 

June  1 8,  '49. 

3.  Rivalry  of  Prussia  and  Austria. 

(a}   Failure  of  the  Prussian  Union. 

(b}   Re-establishment  of  the  Federal  Diet. 

(35) 


36 

C.     Prussian  Ascendency.     Bismarck. 
I.     The  Customs-union. 
II.     The  Schleswig-Holstein  War,  '64. 
The  Gastein  Convention. 

III.  The  Austro-Prussian  War,  June  22-July  22,  '66. 

a.  Parties.     Prussia,  smaller  north  German  states,  and  Italy  against 

Austria,  South  Germany,  Saxony,  and  Hanover/ 

b.  Events. 

1.  Occupation  of  Hanover,  Hesse,  and  Saxony  by  Prussian 

troops. 

2.  Invasion   of  Bohemia,  Battle    of    Koniggratz   (Sadowa), 

July  3,  '66. 

3.  Defeat  of  the  Army  of  the  Confederation,  Aschaffenburg, 

July  i4th. 

c.  Results.     Peace  of  Prague,  August  23d. 

1.  The  North  German  Confederation  formed  without  Austria. 

2.  Schleswig-Holstein,  Hanover,  Hesse,  Nassau,  and  Frank- 

fort annexed  to  Prussia. 

3.  Venice  ceded  to  Italy.     Peace  of  Vienna,  October  3d. 

IV.  The  Franco- Prussian  War,  July  19,  'yo-March  3,  '71. 

a.  Causes. 

1.  The  Luxembourg  question. 

2.  Hohenzollern  candidate  for  the  Spanish  throne. 

b.  Events. 

1.  Invasion  of  France. 

(a )   Battles  of  Saarbrucken,  Weissenberg,  Worth,  Grave- 

lotte. 
(<£)   Sieges  of  Metz,  Strasburg. 

(c)  Capitulation  of  Sedan. 

(d)  Siege  of  Paris. 

2.  Proclamation  of  the  Empire,  Jan.  18,  '71. 

c.  Results. 

1.  Acquisition  of  Alsace-Lorraine. 

2.  Political  unity  of  the  German  nation. 

V.  The  Constitution  of  the  German  Empire. 

a.  Hereditary  Emperor,  King  of  Prussia. 

b.  Legislature. 

1.  Federal    Council    (Bundesrath),    representation    of    the 

twenty-five  federated  states. 

2.  Imperial  Parliament    (Reichstag),   representation  of  the 

people  ;  manhood  suffrage. 


37 

VI.     Strife  of  parties. 

a.  Conservatives.     Caprivi,  Hammerstein. 

b.  National  Liberals.     Bennigsen. 

c.  Freisinnige.     Richter,  Bamberger. 

d.  Social  democrats.     Liebknecht,  Bebel. 

References  : — 

Lewis  :  History  of  Germany. 

666-688,  German  Confederation. 

689-711,  War  of  1866. 

712-747,  War  of  1870. 

748-773,  the  New  German  Empire. 
Menzel :  History  of  Germany. 

III.      368-383,  the  German  Confederation. 

386-390,  the  German  Customs-union. 

390-408,  the  Revolutions. 

408-416,  the  Struggle  of  the  Diets. 
Muller  :   History  of  Recent  Times. 

1-23,  struggles  for  a  Constitution. 

159-169,  internal  conditions. 

212-252,  revolutions. 

300-393,  supremacy  of  Prussia. 

409-459,  Franco- Prussian  War. 

493-504,  German  Empire  and  the  Culturkamf. 

630-652,  Germany  since  1876. 
Alison:  History  of  Europe  (1815-1852). 
V.         1-9,  Confederation  of  1815. 

14-35,  outbreak  in  1819  and  '20. 

VIII.  478-494.    500-514,  526-55°>  557-571*  582>   revolution 
1848. 

514-524,  583-590,  Schleswig-Holstein. 

596-673,  revolution  of  1848  in  Austria. 

674-756,  Hungarian  revolution. 
Fyffe  :  History  of  Europe. 

II.  20-30,  63-71,  78-90,  121-153. 

III.  1-34,  ii4-i56»  3°5-524- 
Murdock  :  Reconstruction  of  Europe. 

Chapters  14,  15,  16,  17,  18,  19,  21,  24,  25,  26,  27. 
Maurice  :  Revolutionary  Movement  of  1848  and  '49. 

Chapters  i,  4,  7,  8 ;  pp.  402-417. 

Malet :  Overthrow  of  the  Germanic  Confederation  in  1866. 
Von  Moltke  :  The  Franco-German  War. 
Biedermann  :  Dreizig  Jahre  Deutsche  Geschichte. 


of 


38 

Hottinger  :  Der  Deutsch-Franzosische  Krieg. 
Freitschke  :  Deutsche  Geschichte  im  Neunzehnten  Jahrhundert. 
Bryce  :  Holy  Roman  Empire.     411-445,  the  new  German  Empire. 
Hudson :  Louisa,  Queen  of  Prussia. 

I.  367-416,  the  young  Queen. 
417-438,  Frederick  William  III. 

II.  48-52,  105-199,  Prussia's  foreign  policy. 
201-326,  war  of  liberation. 

330-456,  Louisa's  part  in  the  regeneration  of  Prussia. 
Bismarck  in  the  Franco- Prussian  War. 

I.  94-117,  Sedan. 

II.  88-117,    159-165,    169-182,    205-209,    227-244,    278-319, 

332-333,  the  Germans  before  Paris. 
Strauss  :  Men  Who  Have  Made  the  New  German  Empire. 
I.         1,2,  6-32,  William  I.,  and  brief  review  of  this  period. 

95-181,  Bismarck  and  review  of  his  work. 
Autobiography  of  Prince  Metternich. 
H-       553-585,  Congress  of  Vienna. 

III.  189-196,  253-294,  422-431,  453-476,  Metternich's  German. 

policy. 

Dilke  :  Present  Position  of  European  Politics,  1-56. 

Tuttle  :  German  Leaders.     1-21,  Bismarck  and  his  work. 

Rand:    Economic    History   since     1763.      170-207,     the     customs- 
union. 

Fortnightly  Review  :   i  ;  664. 

The  Forum  :   n  (1890)  ;  481,  Emperor  William  II. 

The  New  Review  :   2  ;  289,  the  fall  of  Prince  Bismarck. 

Harpers'  Magazine  :  81  ;  75,  Furst  Bismarck. 

Nineteenth  Century:   27  ;  688,  Prince  Bismarck. 

Westminster  Review:   133  ;  333,  Prince  Bismarck's  position. 

The  Nation  :  50;  311,  French  Interest  in  Bismarck's  retirement. 


TOPIC  X.     ITALY  IN  THE  NINETEENTH  CENTURY. 

A.  Effect  of  the  Napoleonic  Wars. 

I.     Overthrow  of  the  hereditary  dynasties. 
II.     Establishment  of  republics. 
Cisalpine,  1797. 
Cispadane,  1797. 
Ligurian,  1797. 
Roman,  1798. 
Parthenopean,  1799. 

III.  Annexation  of  Venice  to  Austria ;  of  Nice,  Savoy,  and  Genoa  to 

France. 

IV.  Establishment  of  the  kingdoms  of  Italy  and  Naples. 
V.     Settlement  by  the  Congress  of  Vienna. 

a.  Venice  and  Lombardy  assigned  to  Austria. 

b.  Nice,  Savoy,  Piedmont  restored  to  Sardinia,  and  Genoa  annexed. 

c.  Old    dynasties    restored    in    Naples,    the    Papal   States,   Tus- 

cany, etc. 
VI.     Transformation  of  the  people. 

a.  Inter-state  barriers  broken  down. 

b.  Alien  dynasties  discredited. 

c.  Influence  of  the  French  Revolution. 

B.  Regeneration  of  Italy. 

I.     Influence  of  the  Carbonari. 

a.  The  insurrections  of  1820. 

Constitutional  governments  conceded  in  Naples  and  Piedmont, 
but  absolutism  restored  by  Austrian  intervention. 

b.  The  insurrections  of  1830. 

Risings  in  Parma,  Modena,  and  the  Papal  States  suppressed  by 

Austrian  troops. 
II.     Influence  of  Mazzini  and  Gioberti. 

a.  Italian    federation   advocated    by   Gioberti,   Charles    Albert, 

Pius  IX. 

T.  Constitutional  governments  conceded  in  Naples,  Sardinia, 
Tuscany,  Rome,  '48. 

2.  Austrian  garrisons  expelled  from  Milan  and  Venice.    Dan- 

iele  Man  in. 

3.  Austro-Sardinian  War,  March,  '48-July,  '49. 

(a}   Battle  of  Custozza,  July  25,  '48. 
(£)  Salasco  Armistice,  Aug.  9,  '48-March  20,  '49. 
Neapolitan  and  Papal  troops  withdrawn. 


4o 

(V)   Battle  of  Novara,  March  23,  '49. 
Abdication  of  Charles  Albert. 
Restoration  of  Austrian  rule. 

b.  National  unity  and  republican  government  advocated  by  Maz- 
zini  arid  Garibaldi. 

1.  Murder  of  Pellegrino  Rossi,  Nov.  15,  '48. 

2.  Republican  governments  established  in  Rome,  Tuscany, 

and  Venice. 

(a)  The   Roman   Republic   overcome,  and   the   Pope 

restored  by  the  French  troops. 

(b)  The  Venetian  Republic  reduced  by  Austrian  troops. 
III.     The  Sardinian  leadership.      Victor  Emmanuel,  Cavour,  UAzelio. 

a.  Participation  in  the  Crimean  War  and  the  Berlin  Conference. 

b.  The  Austro-Italian  War,  '59. 

1 .  Parties  :  Sardinia  and  France  against  Austria. 

2.  Battles  :  Magenta,  June  4th  ;  Solferino,  June  24th. 

3.  Results. 

a.  Truce  of  Villafranca ;  Peace  of  Zurich. 

1.  Lombardy  ceded  to  Sardinia. 

2.  Sovereigns  to  be  restored  in  Tuscany,  Medina, 

and  Romagna. 

3.  Italian  federation  under  the  presidency  of  the 

Pope. 

b.  Accession  of  Tuscany,  Parma,  Modena,  and  Romagna. 

Ricasoli. 

c.  Accession  of  Sicily,  Naples,  and  the  Papal  States. 

1.  The  Thousand  of  Marsala.     Garibaldi. 

2.  Flight  of  Francis  II.  from  Naples. 
Siege  of  Gaeta,  Nov.,  '6o-Feb.,  '61. 

3.  Invasion  of  the   Papal  States   by  Piedmontese 

troops.  Battle  of  Castel  Fidardo,  Sept.  n, 
'60. 

4.  Victor  Emmanuel  declared  King  of  Italy  by  a 

National  Parliament,  March  18,  '61. 

d.  Acquisition  of  Venice,  '66. 
The  Austro-Prussian  War. 

Battles  of  Custozza  and  Lissa. 

e.  Acquisition  of  Rome. 

1.  Garibaldi's  fruitless  expedition,  '62. 

2.  The  September  Convention,  '64. 

3.  Garibaldi's  second  attempt,  '67. 

4.  The  Franco-Prussian  War.,  '70 

(a)  Withdrawal  of  the  French  Troops. 
(b}  Accession  of  Rome  by  plebiscite. 


41 

C.     Contemporary  Italy. 
I.  Constitution. 

a.  Parliament. 

1.  Senate,  composed  of  royal  princes  and  nominees. 

2.  Chamber  of  Deputies. 
Franchise,  19  lire  annual  taxes. 

3.  Responsible  ministry. 

b.  Local  government. 

1.  Provincial. 

Prefect  appointed  by  the  king;  Council  elected  by  the 
people. 

2.  Communal. 

Syndic  and  Council,  elected  by  the  people  in  communes 
of  more  than  ten  thousand ;  appointed  by  the  king 
in  communes  of  less  than  ten  thousand. 
II.     Relation  of  Church  and  State. 

"  The  Catholic,  Apostolic,  and  Roman  religion  is  the  sole  religion 
of  the  State." 

a.  The  Pope  is  divested  of  temporal  power,  but  recognized  as 

head  of  the  Church. 

b.  The  Church  is  subordinate  to  the  State. 

1.  Nominations  to  bishoprics,  etc.,  must  be  ratified  by  the 

king. 

2.  Legislation  valid  against  protest  of  the  Church. 

(a)  Siccardi  Laws. 

(£)   Laws  of  the  Papal  Guarantees. 

(c)  Suppression  of  the  Order  of  Jesuits. 

(d)  Partial  suppression  of  religious  houses. 
(<?)  The  new  code. 

III.     Strife  of  parties. 

a.  The  Right  ( Crispi}  maintains  the  Monarchy,  the  Papal  Guar- 

antees, the  Triple  Alliance. 

b.  The  Left  (Radicals,  Republicans,  and  Socialists),  opposes  mili- 

tary policy,  heavy  taxes,  the  Pope,  and  the  clergy. 

c.  The  Left-center  (Moderates)  holds  the  balance  of  power. 
References  : — 

Miiller  :  Political  History  of  Present  Times. 
23-42,  insurrections  of  1820. 
129-133,  insurrections  of  1830. 
202-212,  revolution  of  1848. 
270-291,  events  of  1860. 
327>  357-360>  acquisition  of  Venetia. 
400-405,  476-478,  acquisition  of  Rome. 


42 

Hunt:  History  of  Italy,  221-261. 
Probyn  :  Italy,  1815-1890. 
Spalding  :  Italy  and  the  Italian  States. 
III.      98-110,  state  of  Italy. 

123-131,  insurrections  of  1820. 

132-140,  insurrections  of  1830. 

197-200,  265-272,  literature  of  the  i9th  Century. 

224-230,  character  of  the  Italians. 
Abbott:  History  of  Italy,  531-622. 
Wrightson  :  History  of  Modern  Italy. 

1-22,  the  patriot  parties. 

51-60,  revolutions  of  1820  and  1830. 

224-231,  opening  of  War  of   1848. 

337-352,  the  Novara  campaign. 

353-380,  concluding  events  of  the  war. 
Thayer  :  Dawn  of  Italian  Independence. 

I.  Book  II.,  III.,  absolutism  against  revolution,  1815-48. 

II.  Party  struggles  of  1848. 
Godkin  :  Life  of  Victor  Emmanuel  II. 

I.  9-36,  insurrections  of  1820  and  1830. 
47-65,  war  of  independence  in  1848. 

178-253  |    the  Austro-Italian  Wars. 
II-       15-34      J 

35-62,  revolution  in  Naples,  1860. 

63-72,  Victor  Emmanuel,  King  of  Italy. 

in— 121,  acquisition  of  Venetia. 

84-102,    133-148,    168,    172-181,    185-192,    the    Roman 

question. 

Massari :  Vita  di  Vittorio  Emanuele  II. 
Dicey  :  Victor  Emmanuel  II. 
Alison:  History  of  Europe  (1815-1852). 

III.  91-112,  insurrections  of  1820. 
VII.    6 1-86,  events  of  1848. 

Fyffe  :  Modem  Europe. 

II.  178-185,  189-204,  398-405,  465-476. 

III.  14-19,  55-61,  96-113,  241-305,  361-364. 
Italy  and  the  Italians. 

I.  85-114,  character  of  the  Neapolitans. 
165-202,  the  Tuscans. 

262-308,  the  rule  of  Napoleon. 

II.  4.4-79,  Kingdom  of  Sardinia,  and  insurrections  of  1820. 
160-173,  the  Romans. 

182-206,  insurrection  at  Naples,  1820. 


43 

Gallenga :  The  Pope  and  the  King. 

I.  14-23,  condition  of  Italy. 
48-76,  revolution  in  Rome,  1848. 
77-110,  first  war  of  independence. 

111-114,  119-140,  Victor  Emmanuel  II.  and  his  work  for 

Italy. 

141-186,  the  reactionary  Pope. 
202-244,  events  of  1860. 
266,  267,  268-278,   280-290,  335-367,  371-410,  events  at 

Rome. 
259-262,  acquisition  of  Venetia. 

II.  1-37,  176-187,  249-263,  the  Pope  a  prisoner  at  Rome. 
Botta  :  Italy  under  Napoleon. 

I.  Chapters  III.,  IV. 

II.  35-95.  3H-354,  392~452- 

Arrivabene  :  Italy  under  Victor  Emmanuel  II.  (in  1859  and  1860). 

I.  1-8,  preparation  for  war. 
58-80,  Magenta. 

"178-219,  Solferino  and  San  Martino. 
256-277,  Peace  of  Villafranca. 
335-349,  Parma  and  Modena. 
364-392,  Papal  states.  £ 

II.  28-58,  166-262,  285-328,  Garibaldi  in  Sicily  and  Naples. 
'  386-408,  United  Italy. 

Autobiography  of  Prince  Metternich. 

III.  88-107,  condition  of  Italy  in  1817. 
Memoir  of  Count  Giuseppe  Pasolini. 

Chapters  III.,— VIII.,  Pontificate  of  Pius  IX. 

Souvenirs  historiques  de  la  Marquise  Constance  d'Azelio — 1835-1861. 
D'Azelio  :  I  miei  Ricordi. 
Marriott :  Makers  of  Modern  Italy. 

Mazzini,  Cavour,  Garibaldi. 
Joseph  Mazzini :  Life  and  Writings. 
New  Englander : — 

38  :  487,  Mazzini  in  the  Italian  revolution. 
Autobiography  of  Garibaldi. 
Berti :  Diario  di  Cavour ;  Conte  di  Cavour. 
International  Review : — 

3  :  642,  How  New  Italy  became  a  Nation. 

5  :  303,  The  New  King  of  Italy  and  the  New  Pope. 
Dilke  :  Present  Position  of  European  Politics. 

Chapter  V. 


TOPIC  XL     RUSSIA  IN  THE  NINETEENTH  CENTURY. 

A.  Alexander  I.,  1801-1825. 

I.     Results  of  the  Napoleonic  Wars. 

a.  Russia  recognized  as  a  predominant  power, 

At  Tilsit,  1807. 
At  Paris,  1814. 
At  Vienna,  1815. 

b.  Annexation  of  Poland. 

c.  Conversion  of  the  Czar  to  reactionary  policy. 

The  Holy  Alliance. 

d.  Conversion  of  the  army  to  ideals  of  the  French  Revolution. 

Insurrection  in  favor  of  Constantine,  December,  1825. 

B.  Nicholas,  "the  iron  Czar,"  1825-1855. 

I.     The  War  of  Grecian  Independence,  ?2i-'29. 

a.  Joint  intervention  of  Russia,  England  and  France. 
-    b.  Battle  of  Navarino,  '27. 
c.  Peace  of  Adrianople,  '29. 

Independence  of  Greece  secured. 
II.     Revolution  in  Poland,  '3o-'32. 

a.  The  insurgents  reduced  to  submission. 

b.  The    Organic    Statute,    Feb.,    '32.      Poland   deprived  of    its 

constitution. 
III.     The  Crimean  War,  *54-'56. 

a.  Cause  :  Russia's  designs  on  Constantinople. 

b.  Parties  :  England,  France,  Sardinia  and  Turkey,  against  Russia. 

c.  Battles  :  Alma,  Sept.  20,  '54  ;  Inkerman,  Nov.  5,  '54  ;  Siege  of 

Sebastopol,  Oct.,  '54-Sept,  '55. 

d.  Results.     Peace  of  Paris,  March  30,  '56. 

1.  The  Crimea  restored  to  Russia. 

2.  Russian  claims  in  respect  to  Turkey  withdrawn. 

C.  Alexander  II.,  185 5-'8 1. 

I.     The  Turko-Russian  War,  '77  and  '78. 

a.  Causes. 

1.  Insurrections  against  Turkish  government  in  Herzegovina, 

Servia,  Montenegro  and  Bulgaria. 

2.  Intervention  of  Russia. 

b.  Russian  victories.     Shipka  Pass,  Plevna,  Kars. 

(44) 


45 

c.  Results.     Peace  of  San  Stefano,  March  3,  '78. 
Congress  of  Berlin,  June  i3~July  13,  '78. 

1.  Montenegro,  Servia,  and  Roumania  independent  states. 

2.  Bulgaria  and  East  Roumelia  semi-dependent  on  the  Porte. 

3.  Bosnia  and  Herzegovina  ceded  to  Austria. 

4.  Part  of  Thessaly  and  Epirus  ceded  to  Greece. 

5.  Batoum,  Kars  and  Ardaghan  ceded  to  Russia. 
II.     Epoch  of  tentative  reform,  '60-' 70. 

a.  Abolition  of  serfdom,  ukase  of  Feb.  19,  '61. 

b.  Reform  in  provincial  administration.     The  Zemstvo. 

c.  Judicial  reforms.     Trial  by  jury. 

d.  Limited  freedom  of  the  press. 

III.     The  Nihilist  revolt.     Herzen,  Bakunin,  Krapotkine. 

a.  The  Pilgrimage  to  the  People,  *7O-'75. 

b.  Rigorous  suppression,  '75-' 78. 

"A  destroyed  generation." 

c.  Systematic  terrorism,  '78 — 

Assassination  of  Alexander  II.,  March  13,  '81. 

d.  Extraordinary  measures  of  the  government. 

1.  Arbitrary  and  secret  arrest. 

2.  Preventative  detention. 

3.  Trial  by  court-martial. 

4.  Harsh  punishment  of  political  offenders. 

Exile  to  Siberia. 
D.     Contemporary  problems. 
I.     The  political  problem. 

"Absolutism  tempered  by  assassination." 
II.     The  social  problem. 

The  persecution  of  the  Jews. 
III.     The  industrial  problem. 

a.  Exorbitant  taxation  of  the  peasants. 

b.  Failure  of  crops,  summer  of  '91. 

c.  Famine  and  pestilence  of  '91  and  '92. 

References  : — 

Ramband  :  History  of  Russia. 

II.       Chapters  XL,  XIL,  XIII.,  XIV.,  XV. 
Kelley  :  History  of  Russia. 

II.       Chapters  LIII.-LXXII. 
Lamartine  :  Histoire  de  la  Russie. 

II.       Livres  VIII.,  IX.,  X. 
Morfill :  Story  of  Russia. 
Chapters  X.,  XL,  XIII. 


46 

Miiller  :  Political  History  of  Recent  Times. 

253-270,  Crimean  War. 

505-576,  Turkey  and  the  Russo-Turkish  War. 
Murdock  :  Reconstruction  of  Europe. 

Chapters  V.,  VI.,  VII.,  VIII.,  the  Crimean  War. 
Fyffe  :  Modern  Europe. 

I.  Chapter  X.,  campaign  of  1812. 

II.  Chapter  IV.,  war  of  Grecian  independence. 

III.  Chapter  III.,  Crimean  War. 

III.     Chapter  VII.,  the  Eastern  Question. 
Alison:  Modern  Europe,  1815-1852. 

III.  Chapter  XIV.,  war  of  Grecian  independence. 

IV.  Chapter  XXVI.,  revolution  in  Poland. 

Dilke  :  Present  Position  of  European  Politics.     Chapter  III. 
Wallace  :  Russia. 

Chapters  IV.,  XX.,  XXVII.,  the  church. 

VI.,  VII.,  VIII.,  IX.,  XXIX.-XXXIL,  the  peasantry. 
XIII.,  XIV.,  the  government. 
XL,  XVII.,  burgesses  and  noblesse. 
XXVIII.,  the  Crimean  War. 
XXXIV.,  expansion  of  Russia. 
Geddie  :  Russian  Empire. 

Chapters  I.,  VII.,  IX. 
Gerebtzoff:  Civilization  in  Russia. 
I.     Chapter  V. 
II.     48-67  ;  chapter  XII. 

Leroy,  Beaulieu  :  L'Empire  des  Tsars  et  les  Russes. 
I.     Book  VII.  and  VIII.,  the  peasants. 
II.     Book  I.,  the  commune. 
Book  II.,  the  government. 
Book  VI.,  revolutionary  agitation. 
III.     Book  II.,  the  church. 

Book  III.,  the  dissenters. 
Gurowski :  Russia  as  it  is  (1854). 
Stepniak :  Underground  Russia. 
Stepniak  :  The  Russian  Peasantry. 
Stepniak  :  Russia  under  the  Czars. 
Kennan  :  Siberia  and  the  Exile  System. 
I.     Chapters  VIII.,  X.,  XL,  XIII.,  XIV. 
II.     pp.  495-509- 
Persecution   of    the    Jews   in   Russia    (pamphlet   issued    by    Russo- 

Jewish   Committee). 
Review  of  Reviews,  January,  1892. 

The  Czar  and  Russia  of  To-day.     (Stead.) 


47 


Nineteenth  Century. 

31  :  i,  the  Horrors  of  Hunger. 
North  American  Review. 

154  :  541,  the  Famine  in  Russia. 
Tolstoi :  War  and  Peace. 
Tourgenieff :  Fathers  and  Sons. 


THE  DECLARATION  OF  RIGHTS,  issued  by  the  National 
Assembly  of  France,  Aug.  27,  1789. 

The  representatives  of  the  French  people,  met  in  National  Assembly,," 
considering  that  ignorance,  forgetfulness,  or  contempt  for  the  rights  of  man 
are  the  sole  causes  of  public  misfortunes  and  of  the  corruption  of  govern- 
ments, have  resolved  to  set  forth,  in  a  solemn  declaration,  the  natural,  in- 
alienable, and  sacred  rights  of  man,  in  order  that -this  declaration  constantly 
before  all  the  members  of  the  social  body,  may  perpetually  recall  to  them 
their  rights  and  their  duties,  so  that  they  may  the  more  respect  the  acts  of 
the  legislative  power  and  those  of  the  executive  power,  by  being  able  to 
compare  them  constantly  with  the  aim  of  every  political  institution,  so  that 
the  demands  of  citizens,  founded  henceforth  on  simple  and  incontestable 
principles,  may  tend  always  to  the  upholding  of  the  Constitution  and  to 
the  well-being  of  all. 

Consequently,  the  National  Assembly  recognizes  and  declares,  in  thef 
presence  and  under  the  auspices  of  the  Supreme  Being,  the  following  rights 
of  men  and  citizens. 

ARTICLE  i.  Men  are  born  and  remain  free  and  with  the  same  rights. 
Social  distinctions  can  be  founded  only  upon  the  common  good. 

ART.  2.  The  aim  of  every  political  association  is  the  preservation  ofl 
the  natural  and  imprescriptible  rights  of  man.  These  rights  are  liberty,  -i 
property,  security,  and  resistance  to  oppression. 

ART.  3.  The  principle  of  all  sovereignty  rests  essentially  in  the  nation. 
No  body,  no  individual,  can  exercise  authority  which  does  not  emanate 
directly  from  it. 

ART.  4.     Liberty  consists  in  being  able  to  do  whatever  does  not  injure  } 
another.     Thus  the  only  limits  to  the  natural  rights  of  man  are  those  which  I 
secure  to  the  other  members  of  society  the  enjoyment  of  the  same  rights. 
These  limits  can  be  determined  only  by  the  law. 

ART.  5 .     The  law  has  the  right  to  forbid  only  those  actions  that  are  \ 
harmful  to  society.     All  that  is  not  forbidden  by  law  cannot  be  prevented, 
and  no  one  can  be  forced  to  do  what  the  law  does  not  order. 

ART.  6.  The  law  is  the  expression  of  the  public  desire.  All  citizens  ; 
have  the  right  to  assist,  personally  or  by  their  representatives,  at  its  form- 
ation. It  must  be  the  same  for  all,  whether  it  protects  or  punishes.  All 
citizens,  being  equal  in  its  eyes,  are  equally  eligible  for  all  dignities,  offices, 
and  public  positions,  according  to  their  ability,  and  with  no  distinction  but 
that  of  their  virtues  and  their  talents. 

(48) 


49 

ART.  7.  No  man  can  be  accused,  arrested,  or  detained  except  in 
cases  determined  by  the  law,  and  in  accordance  with  the  forms  which  it  has 
prescribed.  Those  who  incite,  originate,  execute,  or  cause  to  be  executed, 
arbitrary  orders,  must  be  punished  ;  but  every  citizen  summoned  or  seized 
in  the  name  of  the  law  must  obey  instantly ;  he  renders  himself  culpable 
by  resistance. 

ART.  8.  The  law  must  establish  only  those  penalties  strictly  necessary, 
and  no  one  can  be  punished  except  by  a  law  established  and  promulgated 
before  the  offense,  and  legally  applied. 

ART.  9.  As  every  man  is  considered  innocent  until  he  has  been 
proved  guilty,  if  it  is  judged  indispensable  to  arrest  him,  all  rigor  beyond 
that  which  is  necessary  for  his  detention,  must  be  severely  reprimanded  by 
the  law. 

ART.  10.  No  one  can  be  molested  for  his  opinions,  even  religious, 
provided  that  their  manifestation  does  not  disturb  the  public  peace  estab- 
lished by  the  law. 

ART.  1 1 .  The  free  communication  of  thoughts  and  opinions  is  one  of 
the  most  precious  rights  of  man ;  every  citizen  can,  therefore,  speak,  write, 
or  print  freely,  except  in  replying  with  the  abuse  of  this  liberty  in  cases 
determined  by  the  law. 

ART.  12.  The  guaranty  of  the  rights  of  men  and  citizens  necessitates 
a  public  authority.  This  authority  is,  therefore,  instituted  for  the  advantage 
of  all,  and  not  for  the  particular  good  of  those  in  whom  it  is  vested. 

ART.  13.  For  the  maintenance  of  the  public  force,  and  for  the  ex- 
penses of  administration,  a  general  tax  is  indispensable ;  it  must  be  equally 
shared  by  all  the  citizens,  in  proportion  to  their  resources. 

ART.  14.  All  the  citizens  have  the  right  to  state,  personally  or  by  their 
representatives,  the  necessity  of  the  public  tax,  to  consent  to  it  freely,  to 
levy  it,  and  establish  its  quota,  assessment,  payment,  and  duration. 

ART.  15.  Society  has  the  right  to  demand  an  account  from  every  pub- 
lic agent,  of  his  administration. 

ART.  1 6.  Every  society,  in  which  the  guaranty  of  rights  is  not 
assured,  nor  the  division  of  powers  determined,  has  no  constitution. 

ART.  17.  As  property  is  an  inviolable  and  sacred  right,  no  one  can 
be  deprived  of  it,  except  when  public  necessity,  legally  stated,  actually 
exacts  it,  on  condition  of  a  just  and  necessary  indemnity. 


THE  CONSTITUTION  issued  by  the    National  Convention  of  the 
French  people,  June  24,  1793. 

OF   THE    REPUBLIC. 

1.  The  French  Republic  is  one  and  indivisible. 

OF   THE   DIVISION   OF   THE   PEOPLE. 

2.  The  French  people  is,  for  the  purpose  of  exercising  its  sovereignty, 
divided  into  primary  assemblies  by  cantons. 

3.  For  the  purpose  of  administration  and  justice,  it  is  divided  into 
departments,  districts,  and  municipalities. 

OF   THE   RIGHT   OF   CITIZENSHIP. 

4.  Every  man  born  and  living  in  France,  of  twenty-one  years  of  age, 
and  every  alien  who  has  attained  the  age  of  twenty-one,  and   has  been 
domiciled  in  France  one  year,  and  lives  from  his  labor,  or  has  acquired 
property,  or  has  adopted  a  child,  or  supports  an  aged  man ;  and,  finally, 
every  alien  whom  the  Legislative  Body  has  declared  as  one  well  deserving 
of  the  human  race,  are  admitted  to  exercise  the  rights  of  a  French  citizen. 

5 .  The  right  of  exercising  the  rights  of  a  citizen  is  lost :  by  naturaliza- 
tion in  a  foreign  state ;  by  acceptance  of  functions  or  favors  which  do  not 
proceed  from  a  democratic  government ;  by  condemnation  to  dishonorable 
or  corporal  punishments,  until  reinstated  in  civil  rights. 

6.  The  exercise  of  the  rights  of  citizens  is  suspended  :  by  indictment ; 
by  a  sentence  in  contumaciam,  so   long  as   this  sentence  has   not   been 
annulled. 

OF  THE  SOVEREIGNTY  OF  THE  PEOPLE. 

7.  The  sovereign  people  embraces  all  French  citizens. 

8.  It  chooses  its  deputies  directly. 

9.  It   delegates   to  electors   the  choice  of  administrators,  of  public 
arbitrators,  criminal  judges,  and  judges  of  cassation. 

10.  It  deliberates  on  laws. 

OF   THE   PRIMARY   ASSEMBLIES. 

11.  The   primary   assemblies  are   formed  of  the   citizens  who   have 
resided  six  months  in  a  canton. 

12.  They  consist  of  at  least  200  and  no  more  than  600  citizens,  called 
together  for  the  purpose  of  voting. 

13.  They  are  organized  after  a  president,  secretaries,  and  collectors  of 
votes  have  been  appointed. 

(50) 


i4-  They  have  their  own  police. 

15.  No  one  is  allowed  to  appear  there  with  arms. 

1 6.  The  elections  are  conducted  either  by  secret  or  open  voting,  at  the 
pleasure  of  each  voter. 

1 7.  A  primary  meeting  cannot  prescribe  a  uniform  mode  of  voting. 

1 8.  The  collectors  of  votes  note  down  the  votes  of  those  citizens  who 
cannot  write  and  yet  prefer  to  vote  by  ballot. 

19.  The  votes  on  laws  are  given  by  "Yes"  and  "  No." 

20.  The  vote  of  the  primary  assemblies  is  published  in  the  following 

manner :  The  united  citizens  in  the  Primary  Assembly  at numbering 

votes,  vote  for,  or  vote  against,  by, a  majority  of 

OF   THE   NATIONAL   REPRESENTATION. 

21.  Population  is  the  only  basis  of  national  representation. 

22.  For  every  40,000  individuals  one  deputy  is  chosen/ 

23.  Every  primary  assembly,  which  is  formed  of  from  39,000  to  41,000 
individuals,  chooses  directly  a  deputy. 

24.  The  choice  is  effected  by  an  absolute  majority  of  votes. 

25.  Every  assembly  makes  an  abstract  of  the  votes,  and  sends  a  com- 
missioner to  the  appointed  central  place  of  general  record. 

26.  If,  at  the  first  voting,  no  absolute  majority  be  effected,  a  second 
meeting  shall  be  held,  and  those  two  citizens  who  had  the  most  votes  shall 
be  voted  for  again. 

27.  In  case  of  an  equal  division  of  votes,  the  oldest  person  has  the 
preference,  either  in  selecting  the  person  to  be  voted  for,  or  to  decide  if  he 
be  elected.     In  case  of  an  equality  of  age,  the  casting  of  lots  shall  decide. 

28.  Every  Frenchman  who  enjoys  the  rights  of  a  citizen  is  eligible 
throughout  the  whole  Republic. 

29.  Every  deputy  belongs  to  the  whole  nation. 

30.  In  case  of  nonacceptance,  of  resignation,  or  forfeiture  of  office, 
or  of  the  death  of  a  deputy,  the  primary  assembly  which  had  chosen  him 
shall  choose  a  person  to  fill  the  vacancy. 

31.  A  deputy  who  tenders  his  resignation  cannot  leave  his  post  until  his 
successor  shall  have  been  appointed. 

32.  The  French  people  assembles  every  year  on  the  ist  of  May  to  take 
part  in  the  elections. 

33.  It  proceeds  thereto  whatever  the  number  of  citizens  present  may 
be  who  have  a  right  to  vote. 

34.  Extraordinary  primary  meetings  are  held  at  the  demand  of  one 
fifth  of  the  eligible  citizens. 

35.  The  meeting  is,  in  this  case,  called  by  the  municipal  authority  at 
the  usual  place  of  assembly. 


52 

36.  These  extraordinary  meetings  can  transact  business  only  when  at 
least  more  than  one  half  of  the  qualified  voters  are  present. 


OF   THE    ELECTORAL   ASSEMBLIES. 

37.  The  citizens  united  in  primary  assemblies  nominate  one  elector 
in  proportion  to  200  citizens  (present  or  not)  ;  two  for  from  301  to  600. 

38.  The  holding  of  electoral  assemblies  and  the  mode  of   elections 
are  the  same  as  in  the  primary  assemblies. 

OF   THE   LEGISLATIVE    BODY. 

39.  The  Legislative  Body  is  one,  indivisible  and  continual. 

40.  Its  session  lasts  one  year. 

41.  It  assembles  on  the  ist  of  July. 

42.  The  National  Assembly  cannot  be  organized  unless  at  least  one 
more  than  one  half  of  the  deputies  are  present. 

43.  The  deputies  can  at  no  time  be  held  answerable,  accused,  or  con- 
demned on  account  of  opinions  uttered  within  the  Legislative  Body. 

44.  In  criminal  cases,  they  may  be  arrested  if  taken  in  the  act ;  but 
the  warrant  of  arrest  and  the  warrant  of  committal  can  be  issued  only  by 
the  authority  of  the  Legislative  Body. 

MODE   OF   PROCEDURE   OF   THE    LEGISLATIVE    BODY. 

45.  The  sessions  of  the  National  Assembly  are  public. 

46.  The  minutes  of  their  sessions  shall  be  printed. 

47.  It  cannot  deliberate  unless  it  consist  of  at  least  200  members. 

48.  It  cannot  refuse  the  floor  to  members  in  the  order  in  which  they 
demand  the  same. 

49.  It  decides  by  a  majority  of  those  present. 

50.  Fifty  members  have  the  right  to  demand  a  call  by  names. 

51.  It  has  the  right  of  censorship  on  the  conduct  of  its  members. 

52.  It  exercises  the  power  of  police  at  the  place  of  its  sessions,  and 
within  a  certain  jurisdiction  it  has  determined. 

OF   THE    FUNCTIONS    OF   THE   LEGISLATIVE    BODY. 

53.  The  Legislative  Body  proposes  laws  and  issues  decrees. 

54.  By  the  general  name  of  law  are  understood  the  provisions  of  the 
Legislative  Body  which  concern  the  civil  and  penal  legislation ;  the  general 
administration  of  the  revenues  of  the  Republic ;  the  national  domains ;  the 
inscription,  alloy,  stamp,  and  names  of  coins ;  the  nature,  the  raising,  and 
the  collection  of  taxes ;  declaration  of  war ;  every  new  general  division  of 
the  French  territory ;  public  instruction  ;  public  demonstrations  of  honor  to 
the  memory  of  great  men. 


53 

55-  By  the  particular  name  of  decrees  are  understood  those  enact- 
ments of  the  Legislative  Body  which  concern  :  the  annual  establishment 
of  the  land  and  marine  forces ;  the  permission  for  or  refusal  of  the  march- 
ing of  foreign  troops  through  French  territory ;  the  admission  of  foreign 
vessels  of  war  into  the  ports  of  the  Republic  ;  the  measures  for  the  general 
peace  and  safety ;  the  distribution  of  annual  and  momentary  relief,  and  of 
public  works ;  the  orders  for  the  coining  of  moneys  of  every  description ; 
the  unforeseen  and  extraordinary  expenses ;  the  local  and  particular  meas- 
ures for  an  administration,  a  commune,  or  any  kind  of  public  works ;  the 
defense  of  the  territory ;  the  ratification  of  treaties ;  the  nomination  and 
dismissal  of  the  commanders-in-chief^  of  the  armies ;  the  carrying  into 
effect  the  responsibility  of  members  of  the  Council,  and  of  public  officers  ; 
the  accusation  of  discovered  conspiracies  against  the  common  safety  of  the 
Republic ;  every  alteration  in  the  division  of  the  French  territory,  and  the 
national  rewards. 

OF   THE    MAKING    OF    LAWS. 

56.  A  report  must  precede  the  introduction  of  a  bill. 

57.  Not  until  after  a  fortnight  from  the  report  can  the  debate  begin 
and  the  law  be  provisionally  enacted. 

58.  The  proposed  law  is  printed  and  sent  to  all  the  communes  of  the 
Republic,  entitled  PROPOSED  LAW. 

59.  If  forty  days  after  the  sending  in  of  the  proposed  law,  an  abso- 
lute majority  of  the  departments,  and  one  tenth  of  all  the  primary  assem- 
blies of  each  department,  legally  assembled,  have  not  protested,  the  bill  is 
accepted  and  becomes  a  law. 

60.  If  protest  be  made,  the  Legislative  Body  calls  together  the  pri- 
mary assemblies. 

ON   THE   SUPERSCRIPTION    OF   LAWS   AND    DECREES. 

6 1.  The  laws,  decrees,  sentences,  and  all  public  acts  are  superscribed 

in  the  name   of  the  French  people,  in  the •  year  of    the  French 

Republic. 

OF  THE  EXECUTIVE  COUNCIL. 

62.  There  shall  be  an  Executive  Council,  consisting  of   twenty-four 
members. 

63.  The  electoral  assembly  of  each  department  nominates  a  candidate. 
The  Legislative  Body  chooses  the  members  of  the  Executive  Council  from 
this  general  list. 

64.  It  shall  be  renewed  each  half  session  of  every  legislature,  in  the 
last  months  of  its  session. 

65.  The  Executive  Council  is  charged  with  the  management  and  su- 
pervision of  the  general   administration.     Its    activity  is    limited    to    the 
execution  of  laws  and  decrees  of  the  Legislative  Body. 


54 

66.  It  appoints,  outside  of  its  own  body,  the  highest  agents  of  the 
general  administration  of  the  Republic. 

67.  The  Legislative  body  establishes  the  number  and  the  business  of 
these  agents. 

68.  These  agents  do  not  form  a  council.     They  are  separated  one  from 
the  other,  and  have  no  relation  with  each  other.     They  exercise  no  per- 
sonal power. 

69.  The  Executive  Council  chooses,  outside  of  its  own  body,  the  for- 
eign agents  of  the  Republic. 

70.  It  negotiates  treaties. 

71.  The  members  of  the  Executive  Council  are,  in  case  of  violation 
of  duties,  accused  by  the  Legislative  Body. 

72.  The  Executive  Council  is  responsible  for  the  nonexecution  of  the 
laws  and  decrees,  and  the  abuses  of  which  it  does  not  give  notice. 

73.  It  recalls  and  substitutes  the  agents  at  pleasure. 

74.  It  is  obliged,  if  there  is  cause,  to  inform  the  judicial  authorities 
regarding  them. 

OF    THE    MUTUAL    RELATIONS    BETWEEN    THE    EXECUTIVE     COUNCIL    AND    THE 

LEGISLATIVE    BODY. 

75.  The    Executive  Council  shall   have  its  seat  near  the  Legislative 
Body ;  shall  have  admittance  to,  and  a  special  seat  at,  the  place  of  session. 

76.  It  shall  be  heard  at  all  times  when  it  shall  have  a  statement  to 
make. 

77.  The  Legislative  Body  shall  call  the  Council  before  it,  in  whole  or 
in  part,  when  it  is  thought  necessary. 

OF   THE   ADMINISTRATIVE   AND   MUNICIPAL   BODIES. 

78.  There  shall  be  a  municipal  administration  in  each  commune  of 
the  Republic,  and  in  each  district  an  intermediate  administration,  and  in 
each  department  a  central  administration. 

79.  The  municipal  officers  are  chosen  by  the  assemblies  of  the  com- 
mune. 

80.  The  administrators  are  chosen  by  the  electoral  assemblies  of  the 
departments  and  of  the  districts. 

81.  The  municipalities  and  the  administrations  are  annually  renewed 
one  half. 

82.  The  administrators,  authorities,  and  municipal  officers  have  not  a 
representative  character.      They  can,  in  no  case,  modify  the  acts  of  the 
Legislative  Body,  nor  suspend  the  execution  of  them. 

83.  The  Legislative  Body  assigns  the  business  of  the  municipal  officers 
and  of  the  administrators,  the  rules  regarding  their  subordination,  and  the 
punishments  to  which  they  may  become  liable. 


55 

84.  The  sessions  of  the  municipalities  and  of  the  administrations  are 
public. 

OF   CIVIL   JUSTICE. 

85.  The  civil  and  penal  code  is  the  same  for  the  whole  Republic. 

86.  No  encroachment  can  be  made  upon  the  right  of  citizens  to  have 
their  matters  in  dispute  decided  on  by  arbitrators  of  their  own  choice. 

87.  The  decision  of  these  arbitrators  is  final,  unless  the  citizens  have 
reserved  the  right  of  protesting. 

88.  There  shall  be  justices  of  the  peace,  chosen  by  the  citizens  of  the 
districts,  according  to  law. 

89.  They  shall  arbitrate  and  hold  court  without  fees. 

90.  Their  number  and  jurisdiction  shall  be  established  by  the  Legis- 
lative Body. 

91.  There  shall  be  public  judges  of  arbitration,  who  are  chosen  by 
electoral  assemblies. 

92.  Their  number  and  districts  are  fixed  by  the  Legislative  Body. 

93.  They  shall  decide  on  matters  in  controversy  which  have  not  been 
brought  to  a  final  decision  by  private  arbitrators  or  by  the  justices  of  the 
peace. 

94.  They  shall  deliberate  publicly.     They  shall  vote  orally.     They  de- 
cide in  the  last  resort  on  oral  pleadings,  or  on  a  simple  petition,  without 
legal  forms  and  without   costs.      They  shall   assign   the  reasons  of  their 
decisions. 

95.  The  justices  of  the  peace  and  the  public  arbitrators  are  chosen 
annually. 

OF   CRIMINAL   JUSTICE. 

96.  In  criminal  cases,  no  citizen  can  be  put  on  trial,  except  a  true  bill 
of  complaint  be  found  by  a  jury,  or  by  the  Legislative  Body. 

The   accused  shall  have  advocates,  either  chosen  by  themselves  or 
appointed  officially. 

The  proceedings  are  in  public. 

The  facts  and  the  intention  are  passed  upon  by  a  jury. 

The  punishment  is  executed  by  a  criminal  tribunal. 

97.  The  criminal  judges  are  chosen  annually  by  the  electoral  assemblies. 

OF   THE    COURT   OF    CASSATION. 

98.  There  is  a  Court  of  CASSATION  for  the  whole  Republic. 

99.  This  court  takes  no  cognizance  of  the  facts.     It  decides  on  the 
violation  of  matters  of  form,  and  on  questions  of  law. 

100.  The    members    of    this    court   are    appointed   annually   by   the 
electoral  assemblies. 


56 

OF   THE   GENERAL   TAXES. 

101.  No  citizen  is  excluded  from  the  honorable  obligation  to  contribute 
toward  the  public  expenses. 

OF   THE    NATIONAL  TREASURY. 

1 02.  The  national   treasury  is  the  central  point  of  the  revenues  and 
expenses  of  the  Republic. 

103.  It  is  managed  by  responsible  agents,  whom  the  Executive  Council 
shall  elect. 

104.  These  agents  are  supervised  by  commissioners,  whom  the  Legis- 
lative Body  shall  appoint,  but  who  cannot  be  taken  from  their  own  body ; 
they  are  responsible  for  abuses  of  which  they  do  not  give  legal  notice. 

OF  THE   RENDITION   OF   ACCOUNTS. 

105.  The  accounts  of  the  agents  of  the  national  treasury,  and  those  of 
the  administrators  of  public  moneys  are  rendered  annually  to  responsible 
commissioners  appointed  by  the  Executive  Council. 

106.  Those  persons  appointed  to  revise  the  accounts  are  supervised  by 
the  commissioners,  who  are  elected  by  the  Legislative  Body,  not  out  of  their 
own  number;    and   they  are   responsible  for  the  frauds   and  mistakes  of 
accounts  of  which  they  do  not  give  notice. 

The  Legislative  Body  passes  upon  the  accounts. 

OF   THE   MILITARY    FORCES    OF  THE    REPUBLIC. 

107.  The  general  military  force  of  the  Republic  consists  of  the  whole 
people. 

1 08.  The  Republic  supports,  also,  in  time  of  peace,  a  paid  land  and 
marine  force. 

109.  All  Frenchmen  are  soldiers ;  all  shall  be  exercised  in  the  use  of 
arms. 

no.  There  is  no  generalissimo. 

111.  The  distinction  of  grade,  the  military  marks  of  distinction  and 
subordination,  exist  only  in  service  and  for  the  time  of  its  duration. 

112.  The  public  force  employed  to  maintain  order  and  peace  in  the 
interior  acts  only  on  a  written  requisition  of  the  constituted  authorities. 

113.  The  public  force  employed  against  foreign  enemies  is  under  the 
command  of  the  Executive  Council. 

114.  No  armed  body  can  deliberate. 

OF   THE   NATIONAL   CONVENTION. 

115.  If  the  absolute  majority  of  departments  and  the  tenth  part  of 
their  regularly  formed  primary  assemblies  demand  a  revision  of  the  Con- 
stitution, or  an  alteration  of  some  of  its  articles,  the  Legislative  Body  is 


57 

compelled  to  call  together  all  .primary  assemblies  of  the  Republic,  in  order 
to  ascertain  whether  a  National  Convention  shall  be  called. 

1 1 6.  The  National  Convention  is  formed  in  like  manner  as  the  legisla- 
tures, and  unites  in  itself  the  highest  power. 

117.  It  is  occupied,  as  regards  the  Constitution,  only  with  those  sub- 
jects which  caused  it  to  be  called  together. 

OF  THE  RELATIONS  OF  THE  FRENCH  REPUBLIC  TOWARD  FOREIGN  NATIONS. 

1 1 8.  The  French  nation  is  the  natural  friend  and  ally  of  free  nations. 

119.  It  does  not   interfere  with  the  affairs  of  government  of  other 
nations.     It  suffers  no  interference  of  other  nations  with  its  own. 

1 20.  It  offers  an  asylum  for  all  who,  on  account  of  liberty,  are  banished 
from  their  native  country.     These  it  refuses  to  deliver  up  to  tyrants. 

121.  It  concludes  no  peace  with  an  enemy  that  holds  possession  of 
its  territory. 

OF   THE   GUARANTY   OF    RIGHTS. 

122.  The  Constitution  guarantees  to  all  Frenchmen  equality,  liberty, 
security,  property,  the  public  debt,  free  exercise  of  religion,  general  in- 
struction,  public   assistance,   absolute   liberty  of  the   press,  the   right  of 
petition,  the  right  to  hold  popular  assemblies,  and  the  enjoyment  of  all  the 
rights  of  man. 

123.  The    French    Republic  respects  loyalty,  courage,  old  age,  filial 
affection,  misfortune.     It  places  the  Constitution  under  the  guarantee  of  all 
virtues. 

124.  The  declaration  of  the  rights  of  man  and  the  Constitutional  Act 
shall  be  engraven  on  tables,  to  be  placed  in  the  midst  of  the  Legislative 
Body,  and  in  public  places. 


THIS 


IS  DUE  ON  THE  LAST  DATE 
STAMPED  BELOW 


AN  INITIAL  FINE  OF  25  CENTS 

WILL  BE  ASSESSED  FOR  FAILURE  TO  RETURN 
THIS  BOOK  ON  THE  DATE  DUE.  THE  PENALTY 
WILL  INCREASE  TO  SO  CENTS  ON  THE  FOURTH 
DAY  AND  TO  $1.OO  ON  THE  SEVENTH  DAY 
OVERDUE. 


19193* 


t 


MAY  8  1934 


NOV  14  1939 


JUL    19  1946 


-  20  1990 


1MB  JUU20PM 


LD  21-100m- 


U.C.  BERKELEY  LIBRARIES  '  3 


590140 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 


